Cover
مَبَادِئُ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ
فِي الصَّرْفِ وَالنَّحْوِ
١
رَشِيدُ الشَّرْتُونِيُّ
مُؤَسَّسَةُ انْتِشَارَاتِ دَارِ الْعِلْمِ ـ قُم
Principles of Arabic Morphology and Syntax
Volume One
Rashīd al-Shartūnī
Dar al-ʿIlm Publishing Foundation, Qom
Opening
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ
In the Name of Allah, the All-beneficent, the All-merciful.
Title Page
مَبَادِئُ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ
فِي الصَّرْفِ وَالنَّحْوِ
لِرَشِيدِ الشَّرْتُونِيِّ
الْجُزْءُ الْأَوَّلُ
Principles of Arabic Morphology and Syntax
By Rashīd al-Shartūnī
Volume One
Publication Page
مَبَادِئُ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ (صَرْف وَنَحْو) جِلْد ١
تَأْلِيف: رَشِيد الشَّرْتُونِي
نَاشِر: مُؤَسَّسَةُ انْتِشَارَاتِ دَارِ الْعِلْمِ
Mabādiʾ al-ʿarabiyya (Morphology and Syntax), volume 1.
Author: Rashīd al-Shartūnī.
Publisher: Dar al-ʿIlm Publishing Foundation.
1 — Sound and Weak Letters
١ ـ الْحُرُوفُ الصَّحِيحَةُ وَالْمُعْتَلَّةُ
١ مَاذَا تُدْعَى حُرُوفُ الْهِجَاءِ؟
تُدْعَى حُرُوفُ الْهِجَاءِ الْحُرُوفَ الْهِجَائِيَّةَ.
٢ مَاذَا تُدْعَى الْأَلِفُ وَالْوَاوُ وَالْيَاءُ؟
تُدْعَى «الْأَلِفُ» وَ«الْوَاوُ» وَ«الْيَاءُ» حُرُوفَ الْعِلَّةِ.
٣ مَاذَا تُدْعَى بَاقِي الْحُرُوفِ؟
تُدْعَى بَاقِي الْحُرُوفِ الْحُرُوفَ الصَّحِيحَةَ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ مَيِّزْ حُرُوفَ الْعِلَّةِ مِنَ الْحُرُوفِ الصَّحِيحَةِ.
٢ تَلَفَّظْ بِالْكَلِمَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ مُبَيِّنًا فَرْقَ الْحُرُوفِ الْمُتَشَابِهَةِ.
1 — Sound and Weak Letters
1. What are the letters of the alphabet called?
The letters of the alphabet are called the alphabetical letters.
2. What are alif, wāw, and yāʾ called?
Alif, wāw, and yāʾ are called the weak letters.
3. What are the remaining letters called?
The remaining letters are called the sound letters.
Exercises
1. Distinguish the weak letters from the sound letters.
2. Pronounce the following words, making clear the differences between similar letters.
2 — Vowel Marks
٢ ـ الْحَرَكَاتُ
١ مَا هِيَ الْحَرَكَاتُ؟
لِكُلِّ حَرْفٍ صَوْتٌ مُنَاسِبٌ فِي النُّطْقِ لِلْحُرُوفِ الْهِجَائِيَّةِ، وَهِيَ ضَمَّةٌ وَفَتْحَةٌ وَكَسْرَةٌ.
فَالضَّمَّةُ تُشَابِهُ «الْوَاوَ».
وَالْفَتْحَةُ تُشَابِهُ «الْأَلِفَ».
وَالْكَسْرَةُ تُشَابِهُ «الْيَاءَ».
٢ أَيْنَ تُرْسَمُ الضَّمَّةُ وَالْفَتْحَةُ؟
تُرْسَمُ الضَّمَّةُ وَالْفَتْحَةُ مِنْ فَوْقِ الْحَرْفِ.
٣ أَيْنَ تُرْسَمُ الْكَسْرَةُ؟
تُرْسَمُ الْكَسْرَةُ مِنْ تَحْتِ الْحَرْفِ.
تَمْرِينٌ
ارْسُمْ الْحَرَكَاتِ عَلَى الْكَلِمَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ.
2 — Vowel Marks
1. What are the vowel marks?
Every letter has a sound suited to the pronunciation of the alphabetical letters. The marks are the ḍamma, the fatḥa, and the kasra.
The ḍamma resembles wāw.
The fatḥa resembles alif.
The kasra resembles yāʾ.
2. Where are the ḍamma and fatḥa written?
They are written above the letter.
3. Where is the kasra written?
It is written beneath the letter.
Exercise
Put the vowel marks on the following words.
3 — Sukūn and Nunation
٣ ـ السُّكُونُ وَالتَّنْوِينُ
١ مَا هُوَ السُّكُونُ؟
السُّكُونُ دَائِرَةٌ صَغِيرَةٌ تُرْسَمُ فَوْقَ الْحَرْفِ لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى عَدَمِ الْحَرَكَةِ فِيهِ.
٢ مَا هُوَ التَّنْوِينُ؟
التَّنْوِينُ نُونٌ سَاكِنَةٌ تُزَادُ فِي آخِرِ الْكَلِمَةِ، وَإِنْ تُلْفَظْ فَلَا تُكْتَبْهَا نُونًا سَاكِنَةً.
٣ هَلْ تُكْتَبُ نُونُ التَّنْوِينِ صَرِيحَةً؟
كَلَّا، لَكِنْ مَعَ فَتْحَةٍ أَوْ ضَمَّةٍ أَوْ كَسْرَةٍ ثَانِيَةٍ.
تَمْرِينٌ
ارْسُمْ تَنْوِينَ الضَّمِّ وَالْفَتْحِ وَالْكَسْرِ عَلَى الْكَلِمَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ.
3 — Sukūn and Nunation
1. What is the sukūn?
The sukūn is a small circle written above a letter to indicate the absence of a vowel.
2. What is nunation?
Nunation is a quiescent nūn added at the end of a word. Although it is pronounced, it is not written as a quiescent nūn.
3. Is the nūn of nunation written explicitly?
No. It is represented by a second fatḥa, ḍamma, or kasra.
Exercise
Apply the three forms of nunation to the following words.
4 — Sun and Moon Letters
٤ ـ الْحُرُوفُ الشَّمْسِيَّةُ وَالْقَمَرِيَّةُ
١ أَيُّهَا الْحُرُوفُ الْهِجَائِيَّةُ إِذَا تَقَدَّمَتْهَا «أَلْ»؟
إِذَا تَقَدَّمَتْهَا «أَلْ» فَالْحُرُوفُ الْهِجَائِيَّةُ إِمَّا شَمْسِيَّةٌ وَإِمَّا قَمَرِيَّةٌ.
٢ مَا هِيَ الْحُرُوفُ الشَّمْسِيَّةُ؟
الْحُرُوفُ الشَّمْسِيَّةُ هِيَ الَّتِي لَا تُلْفَظُ مَعَهَا لَامُ «أَلْ» وَتُدْغَمُ فِي الْحَرْفِ الَّذِي بَعْدَهَا، نَحْوُ: الشَّمْسُ، التُّرَابُ.
ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن
٣ مَا هِيَ الْحُرُوفُ الْقَمَرِيَّةُ؟
الْحُرُوفُ الْقَمَرِيَّةُ هِيَ الَّتِي تُلْفَظُ مَعَهَا لَامُ «أَلْ»، نَحْوُ: الْقَمَرُ، الْكِتَابُ.
ا ب ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م ه و ي
4 — Sun and Moon Letters
1. How are the alphabetical letters classified when preceded by al-?
They are either sun letters or moon letters.
2. What are the sun letters?
They are the letters before which the lām of al- is not pronounced but is assimilated to the following letter, as in al-šams and al-turāb.
t, ṯ, d, ḏ, r, z, s, š, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ẓ, l, n.
3. What are the moon letters?
They are the letters before which the lām of al- is pronounced, as in al-qamar and al-kitāb.
ʾ, b, ǧ, ḥ, ḫ, ʿ, ġ, f, q, k, m, h, w, y.
Sun and Moon Letters — Exercises
تَمَارِينُ
١ ضَعْ أَمَامَ الْحُرُوفِ الشَّمْسِيَّةِ «ش» وَأَمَامَ الْحُرُوفِ الْقَمَرِيَّةِ «ق».
٢ أَدْخِلْ أَدَاةَ التَّعْرِيفِ عَلَى الْكَلِمَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ وَاضْبِطْهَا.
٣ اقْرَأْ مَا يَأْتِي قِرَاءَةً صَحِيحَةً.
Exercises
1. Mark the sun letters with “S” and the moon letters with “M.”
2. Prefix the definite article to the following words and supply the required vowel marks.
3. Read the following passage correctly.
5 — Maddah, Shaddah, and Hamzah
٥ ـ الْمَدَّةُ وَالشَّدَّةُ وَالْهَمْزَةُ
١ مَا هِيَ الضَّوَابِطُ؟
الضَّوَابِطُ عَلَامَاتٌ تُزَادُ أَحْيَانًا لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى طَرِيقَةِ تَلَفُّظِ الْحُرُوفِ، وَهِيَ أَرْبَعَةٌ:
الشَّدَّةُ (ّ)
الْمَدَّةُ (آ)
هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْلِ (ٱ)
هَمْزَةُ الْقَطْعِ (أ، إ)
٢ عَلَى أَيِّ شَيْءٍ تَدُلُّ الشَّدَّةُ؟
تَدُلُّ الشَّدَّةُ عَلَى أَنَّ الْحَرْفَ حَرْفَانِ، نَحْوُ: مَدَّ = مَدْدَ.
٣ عَلَى أَيِّ شَيْءٍ تَدُلُّ الْمَدَّةُ؟
تَدُلُّ الْمَدَّةُ عَلَى أَلِفَيْنِ، نَحْوُ: آمَنَ = أَأْمَنَ.
٤ مَا هِيَ هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْلِ؟
هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْلِ هَمْزَةٌ تُلْفَظُ فِي أَوَّلِ الْكَلَامِ وَتَسْقُطُ فِي دَرْجِهِ، نَحْوُ: اُخْرُجْ، ثُمَّ اُخْرُجْ.
5 — Madda, Šadda, and Hamza
1. What are the auxiliary signs?
They are signs sometimes added to indicate how letters are pronounced. They are four:
The šadda (ّ).
The madda (آ).
Hamzat al-waṣl (ٱ).
Hamzat al-qaṭʿ (أ، إ).
2. What does the šadda indicate?
It indicates that the consonant is doubled, as in madda = madda written from two dāls.
3. What does the madda indicate?
It represents two alifs, as in āmana.
4. What is hamzat al-waṣl?
It is a hamza pronounced at the beginning of speech but dropped in connected speech, as in “go out,” and “then go out.”
Hamzat al-Waṣl — Exercises
٥ مَا هِيَ هَمْزَةُ الْقَطْعِ؟
هَمْزَةُ الْقَطْعِ هَمْزَةٌ تُلْفَظُ حَيْثُ وَقَعَتْ، نَحْوُ: أَكْرِمْ يَا رَجُلُ، وَيَا رَجُلُ أَكْرِمْ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ ارْسُمْ الضَّوَابِطَ وَالْحَرَكَاتِ عَلَى الْكَلِمَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ اِلْفِظِ الْجُمَلَ الْآتِيَةَ لَفْظًا صَحِيحًا.
5. What is hamzat al-qaṭʿ?
It is a hamza pronounced wherever it occurs, as in: “Honour [him], O man,” and “O man, honour [him].”
Exercises
1. Add the auxiliary signs and vowel marks to the following words.
2. Pronounce the following sentences correctly.
6 — The Word: Verb, Noun, or Particle
٦ ـ الْكَلِمَةُ فِعْلٌ وَاسْمٌ وَحَرْفٌ
١ مَا هِيَ أَنْوَاعُ الْكَلِمَةِ؟
تَكُونُ الْكَلِمَةُ فِعْلًا أَوِ اسْمًا أَوْ حَرْفًا.
٢ مَا هُوَ الْفِعْلُ؟
الْفِعْلُ كَلِمَةٌ تَدُلُّ عَلَى حَالَةٍ أَوْ عَمَلٍ فِي زَمَنٍ مَاضٍ أَوْ حَاضِرٍ أَوْ مُسْتَقْبَلٍ، نَحْوُ: كَتَبَ، يَكْتُبُ، اُكْتُبْ.
٣ مَا هُوَ الِاسْمُ؟
الِاسْمُ كَلِمَةٌ تَدُلُّ عَلَى شَخْصٍ أَوْ عَلَى حَيَوَانٍ أَوْ عَلَى شَيْءٍ أَوْ عَلَى صِفَةٍ، نَحْوُ: أَمِينٌ، أَسَدٌ، كِتَابٌ، جَمِيلٌ.
٤ مَا هُوَ الْحَرْفُ؟
الْحَرْفُ كَلِمَةٌ لَا يَظْهَرُ مَعْنَاهَا إِلَّا إِذَا جَاءَتْ مَعَ غَيْرِهَا، نَحْوُ: فِي، مِنْ، هَلْ.
6 — The Word: Verb, Noun, or Particle
1. What kinds of word are there?
A word is a verb, a noun, or a particle.
2. What is a verb?
A verb is a word that indicates a state or an action in past, present, or future time, such as “he wrote,” “he writes,” and “write!”
3. What is a noun?
A noun is a word that denotes a person, an animal, a thing, or a quality, such as Amīn, lion, book, and beautiful.
4. What is a particle?
A particle is a word whose meaning becomes clear only when it occurs with another word, such as fī, min, and hal.
Verb, Noun, or Particle — Exercises
تَمَارِينُ
١ عَيِّنِ الْفِعْلَ وَالِاسْمَ وَالْحَرْفَ فِي الْكَلَامِ التَّابِعِ.
٢ عَيِّنِ الِاسْمَ الدَّالَّ عَلَى شَخْصٍ، وَمِثْلَهُ الدَّالَّ عَلَى حَيَوَانٍ، وَمِثْلَهُ الدَّالَّ عَلَى شَيْءٍ، وَمِثْلَهُ الدَّالَّ عَلَى صِفَةٍ.
٣ مَيِّزِ الْأَفْعَالَ مِنَ الْحُرُوفِ فِي الْكَلِمَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ.
Exercises
1. Identify the verb, noun, and particle in the following passage.
2. Identify the noun denoting a person, the noun denoting an animal, the noun denoting a thing, and the noun denoting a quality.
3. Distinguish the verbs from the particles in the following words.
7 — The Past-Tense Verb and Detached Pronouns
٧ ـ الْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي وَالضَّمِيرُ الْمُنْفَصِلُ
١ عَلَى أَيِّ شَيْءٍ يَدُلُّ الْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي؟
يَدُلُّ الْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي عَلَى حَالَةٍ أَوْ عَمَلٍ وَقَعَ فِي زَمَانٍ مَاضٍ، نَحْوُ: ذَهَبَ التِّلْمِيذُ، أَشْرَقَتِ الشَّمْسُ.
٢ مَا هُوَ الضَّمِيرُ؟
الضَّمِيرُ كَلِمَةٌ تُسْتَعْمَلُ لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى شَخْصٍ غَائِبٍ أَوْ مُخَاطَبٍ أَوْ مُتَكَلِّمٍ.
| الضَّمِيرُ | الْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي |
|---|---|
| هُوَ | دَرَسَ |
| هُمَا | دَرَسَا |
| هُمْ | دَرَسُوا |
| هِيَ | دَرَسَتْ |
| هُمَا | دَرَسَتَا |
| هُنَّ | دَرَسْنَ |
| أَنْتَ | دَرَسْتَ |
| أَنْتُمَا | دَرَسْتُمَا |
| أَنْتُمْ | دَرَسْتُمْ |
| أَنْتِ | دَرَسْتِ |
| أَنْتُنَّ | دَرَسْتُنَّ |
| أَنَا | دَرَسْتُ |
| نَحْنُ | دَرَسْنَا |
7 — The Past-Tense Verb and Detached Pronouns
1. What does the past-tense verb indicate?
It indicates a state or an action that occurred in past time, as in “the pupil went” and “the sun rose.”
2. What is a pronoun?
A pronoun is a word used to refer to a person who is absent, addressed, or speaking.
| Pronoun | Past form of “study” |
|---|---|
| he | he studied |
| they two (m.) | they two studied |
| they (m.) | they studied |
| she | she studied |
| they two (f.) | they two studied |
| they (f.) | they studied |
| you (m. sg.) | you studied |
| you two | you two studied |
| you (m. pl.) | you studied |
| you (f. sg.) | you studied |
| you (f. pl.) | you studied |
| I | I studied |
| we | we studied |
Past Tense — Exercises
٣ كَيْفَ نُسَمِّي الضَّمَائِرَ فِي هَذَا الْجَدْوَلِ؟
هِيَ الضَّمَائِرُ الْمُنْفَصِلَةُ الَّتِي تُسْتَعْمَلُ أَبَدًا مُنْفَصِلَةً عَنِ الْفِعْلِ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ اُكْتُبِ الْأَفْعَالَ الْمُنَاسِبَةَ فِي الْفَرَاغِ.
٢ اُكْتُبْ فِعْلًا مُوَافِقًا لِكُلِّ ضَمِيرٍ.
3. What are the pronouns in this table called?
They are detached pronouns, which are always used separately from the verb.
Exercises
1. Write the appropriate verbs in the blanks.
2. Write a verb agreeing with each pronoun.
8 — The Present-Tense Verb
٨ ـ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ
١ عَلَى أَيِّ شَيْءٍ يَدُلُّ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ؟
يَدُلُّ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ عَلَى حَالَةٍ أَوْ عَمَلٍ يَقَعُ فِي زَمَنٍ حَاضِرٍ أَوْ مُسْتَقْبَلٍ، نَحْوُ: يَجْتَهِدُ التِّلْمِيذُ فَيَنْجَحُ فِي الِامْتِحَانِ، سَأَزُورُكَ غَدًا.
٢ مِنْ أَيْنَ يُؤْخَذُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ؟
يُؤْخَذُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ مِنَ الْفِعْلِ الْمَاضِي بِزِيَادَةِ أَحَدِ أَحْرُفِ الْمُضَارَعَةِ فِي أَوَّلِهِ.
٣ مَا هِيَ أَحْرُفُ الْمُضَارَعَةِ؟
أَحْرُفُ الْمُضَارَعَةِ: أ، ن، ت، ي، وَهِيَ مَجْمُوعَةٌ فِي «أَنَيْتُ».
8 — The Present-Tense Verb
1. What does the present-tense verb indicate?
It indicates a state or action occurring in present or future time, as in “the pupil works diligently and succeeds in the examination” and “I shall visit you tomorrow.”
2. From what is the present tense formed?
It is formed from the past tense by adding one of the present-tense prefixes at the beginning.
3. What are the present-tense prefixes?
They are ʾ, n, t, and y, collected in the mnemonic anaitu.
Present-Tense Conjugation
| الضَّمِيرُ | الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ |
|---|---|
| هُوَ | يَدْرُسُ |
| هُمَا | يَدْرُسَانِ |
| هُمْ | يَدْرُسُونَ |
| هِيَ | تَدْرُسُ |
| هُمَا | تَدْرُسَانِ |
| هُنَّ | يَدْرُسْنَ |
| أَنْتَ | تَدْرُسُ |
| أَنْتُمَا | تَدْرُسَانِ |
| أَنْتُمْ | تَدْرُسُونَ |
| أَنْتِ | تَدْرُسِينَ |
| أَنْتُنَّ | تَدْرُسْنَ |
| أَنَا | أَدْرُسُ |
| نَحْنُ | نَدْرُسُ |
تَمَارِينُ
١ صَرِّفِ الْأَفْعَالَ الْآتِيَةَ فِي الْمُضَارِعِ.
| Pronoun | Present form of “study” |
|---|---|
| he | he studies |
| they two (m.) | they two study |
| they (m.) | they study |
| she | she studies |
| they two (f.) | they two study |
| they (f.) | they study |
| you (m. sg.) | you study |
| you two | you two study |
| you (m. pl.) | you study |
| you (f. sg.) | you study |
| you (f. pl.) | you study |
| I | I study |
| we | we study |
Exercise
1. Conjugate the following verbs in the present tense.
Present Tense — Exercises
تَمَارِينُ
٢ اُكْتُبِ الْجُمَلَ التَّابِعَةَ بِفِعْلٍ مُضَارِعٍ:
فَهِمَ التِّلْمِيذُ الدَّرْسَ. طَحَنَ الْوَلَدُ الْقَمْحَ. فَازَ هَذَا التِّلْمِيذُ بِالْجَائِزَةِ. جَرَّ الْحِصَانُ الْعَجَلَاتِ. حَرَسَ الْكَلْبُ الدُّورَ. أَكَلَ الْخَرُوفُ عُشْبًا. صَبَرَ الْحِمَارُ عَلَى التَّعَبِ. سَبَحَ الدُّلْفِينُ فِي الْبَحْرِ.
٣ اُمْلَأِ الْفَرَاغَ بِفِعْلٍ مُضَارِعٍ مُنَاسِبٍ.
Exercises
2. Rewrite the following sentences using a present-tense verb:
The pupil understood the lesson. The boy ground the wheat. This pupil won the prize. The horse pulled the wheels. The dog guarded the houses. The sheep ate grass. The donkey endured fatigue. The dolphin swam in the sea.
3. Fill each blank with a suitable present-tense verb.
9 — The Imperative
٩ ـ فِعْلُ الْأَمْرِ
١ عَلَى أَيِّ شَيْءٍ يَدُلُّ فِعْلُ الْأَمْرِ؟
يَدُلُّ فِعْلُ الْأَمْرِ عَلَى طَلَبِ حَالَةٍ أَوْ طَلَبِ وُقُوعِ عَمَلٍ، نَحْوُ: كُنْ مُجْتَهِدًا، اِلْعَبْ مَعَ رِفَاقِكَ.
٢ مِنْ أَيْنَ يُؤْخَذُ فِعْلُ الْأَمْرِ؟
يُؤْخَذُ فِعْلُ الْأَمْرِ مِنَ الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ.
٣ كَيْفَ يُؤْخَذُ الْأَمْرُ مِنَ الْمُضَارِعِ؟
يُحْذَفُ مِنْ أَوَّلِ الْمُضَارِعِ حَرْفُ الْمُضَارَعَةِ، وَتُزَادُ هَمْزَةٌ عَلَى الْمَبْدُوءِ بِحَرْفٍ سَاكِنٍ، نَحْوُ: يَلْعَبُ ← اِلْعَبْ.
| الْمُخَاطَبُ | فِعْلُ الْأَمْرِ |
|---|---|
| أَنْتَ | اُدْرُسْ |
| أَنْتُمَا | اُدْرُسَا |
| أَنْتُمْ | اُدْرُسُوا |
| أَنْتِ | اُدْرُسِي |
| أَنْتُنَّ | اُدْرُسْنَ |
9 — The Imperative
1. What does the imperative indicate?
It indicates a request for a state or for an action to occur, as in “be diligent” and “play with your companions.”
2. From what is the imperative formed?
It is formed from the present tense.
3. How is the imperative formed from the present tense?
The present-tense prefix is removed. When the resulting form begins with a quiescent consonant, a hamza is added, as in yalʿabu → ilʿab.
| Addressee | Imperative of “study” |
|---|---|
| you (m. sg.) | study |
| you two | study, both of you |
| you (m. pl.) | study |
| you (f. sg.) | study |
| you (f. pl.) | study |
Imperative — Exercises
تَمَارِينُ
١ حَوِّلِ الْأَفْعَالَ التَّابِعَةَ إِلَى فِعْلِ الْأَمْرِ.
٢ خُذْ فِعْلَ الْأَمْرِ مِنَ الْأَفْعَالِ الْمُضَارِعَةِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٣ ضَعْ فِي الْفَرَاغِ فِعْلَ أَمْرٍ مُنَاسِبًا.
٤ عَيِّنْ أَفْعَالَ الْأَمْرِ فِي الْعِبَارَةِ التَّابِعَةِ.
Exercises
1. Change the following verbs into imperatives.
2. Form imperatives from the following present-tense verbs.
3. Put a suitable imperative in each blank.
4. Identify the imperative verbs in the following passage.
10 — Sound and Weak Verbs
١٠ ـ الْفِعْلُ الصَّحِيحُ وَالْفِعْلُ الْمُعْتَلُّ
١ مَا هُوَ الْفِعْلُ الصَّحِيحُ؟
الْفِعْلُ الصَّحِيحُ هُوَ الَّذِي لَيْسَ فِي أَصْلِهِ حَرْفُ عِلَّةٍ، نَحْوُ: يَنْبَحُ الْكَلْبُ.
٢ مَا هُوَ الْفِعْلُ الْمُعْتَلُّ الْآخِرُ؟
الْفِعْلُ الْمُعْتَلُّ الْآخِرُ هُوَ مَا انْتَهَى أَصْلُهُ بِحَرْفٍ مِنْ حُرُوفِ الْعِلَّةِ، نَحْوُ:
رَمَى الْوَلَدُ الْعَصَا.
يَدْعُو الْأُسْتَاذُ التِّلْمِيذَ (وَمَاضِي يَدْعُو: دَعَا).
يَمْشِي سَامِي تَحْتَ الْمَطَرِ (وَمَاضِي يَمْشِي: مَشَى).
٣ هَلْ يَنْتَهِي الْفِعْلُ أَحْيَانًا بِحَرْفِ عِلَّةٍ هُوَ ضَمِيرٌ؟
نَعَمْ، يَنْتَهِي الْفِعْلُ أَحْيَانًا بِحَرْفِ عِلَّةٍ هُوَ ضَمِيرٌ، نَحْوُ: هِنْدٌ وَرَامِزٌ تَنَزَّهَا فِي الْبَرِّيَّةِ (مَاضِي تَنَزَّهَا: تَنَزَّهَ).
٤ كَيْفَ نُسَمِّي هَذَا الضَّمِيرَ؟
نُسَمِّي هَذَا الضَّمِيرَ الضَّمِيرَ الْمُتَّصِلَ لِأَنَّهُ لَا يَأْتِي أَبَدًا مُنْفَصِلًا.
10 — Sound and Weak Verbs
1. What is a sound verb?
A sound verb is one whose root contains no weak letter, as in “the dog barks.”
2. What is a final-weak verb?
A final-weak verb is one whose root ends in a weak letter, as in:
The boy threw the stick.
The teacher calls the pupil. The past of “calls” is “called.”
Sāmī walks beneath the rain. The past of “walks” is “walked.”
3. Does a verb sometimes end in a weak letter that is a pronoun?
Yes, as in: Hind and Rāmiz took a walk in the countryside. The past singular form is “he took a walk.”
4. What is this pronoun called?
It is called an attached pronoun because it never occurs separately.
Attached Pronouns
٥ هَلْ تُكْتَبُ «الْوَاوُ» وَحْدَهَا فِي آخِرِ الْفِعْلِ إِذَا كَانَتْ ضَمِيرًا؟
لَا تُكْتَبُ «الْوَاوُ» وَحْدَهَا فِي آخِرِ الْفِعْلِ إِذَا كَانَتْ ضَمِيرًا، بَلْ تُزَادُ بَعْدَهَا «الْأَلِفُ» الَّتِي لَا تُلْفَظُ، نَحْوُ: كَتَبُوا، دَرَسُوا.
٦ هَلْ تُكْتَبُ «الْأَلِفُ» وَحْدَهَا فِي آخِرِ الْفِعْلِ إِذَا كَانَتْ ضَمِيرًا؟
لَا تُكْتَبُ «الْأَلِفُ» وَحْدَهَا، بَلْ تَكُونُ مَعَهَا نُونٌ فِي الْمُضَارِعِ، نَحْوُ: تَكْتُبَانِ، يَدْرُسَانِ، وَتُحْذَفُ النُّونُ فِي الْمَاضِي، نَحْوُ: كَتَبَا، دَرَسَا.
| الضَّمِيرُ | الْمَاضِي | الْمُضَارِعُ |
|---|---|---|
| هُوَ | دَرَسَ | يَدْرُسُ |
| هُمَا | دَرَسَا | يَدْرُسَانِ |
| هُمْ | دَرَسُوا | يَدْرُسُونَ |
| هِيَ | دَرَسَتْ | تَدْرُسُ |
| هُمَا | دَرَسَتَا | تَدْرُسَانِ |
| هُنَّ | دَرَسْنَ | يَدْرُسْنَ |
| أَنْتَ | دَرَسْتَ | تَدْرُسُ |
| أَنْتُمَا | دَرَسْتُمَا | تَدْرُسَانِ |
| أَنْتُمْ | دَرَسْتُمْ | تَدْرُسُونَ |
| أَنْتِ | دَرَسْتِ | تَدْرُسِينَ |
| أَنْتُنَّ | دَرَسْتُنَّ | تَدْرُسْنَ |
| أَنَا | دَرَسْتُ | أَدْرُسُ |
| نَحْنُ | دَرَسْنَا | نَدْرُسُ |
5. Is wāw written by itself at the end of a verb when it is a pronoun?
No. The unpronounced alif is added after it, as in “they wrote” and “they studied.”
6. Is alif written by itself at the end of a verb when it is a pronoun?
No. In the present tense it is accompanied by nūn, as in “you two write” and “they two study.” In the past tense the nūn is absent, as in “they two wrote” and “they two studied.”
| Pronoun | Past | Present |
|---|---|---|
| he | studied | studies |
| they two | studied | study |
| they | studied | study |
| she | studied | studies |
| they two (f.) | studied | study |
| they (f.) | studied | study |
| you (m. sg.) | studied | study |
| you two | studied | study |
| you (m. pl.) | studied | study |
| you (f. sg.) | studied | study |
| you (f. pl.) | studied | study |
| I | studied | study |
| we | studied | study |
Sound and Weak Verbs — Exercises
تَمَارِينُ
١ مَيِّزِ الْفِعْلَ الصَّحِيحَ مِنَ الْمُعْتَلِّ بِالْأَلِفِ أَوْ بِالْوَاوِ أَوْ بِالْيَاءِ.
٢ دُلَّ فِي آخِرِ الْأَفْعَالِ عَلَى حَرْفِ الْعِلَّةِ وَعَلَى الضَّمِيرِ، نَحْوُ: دَعَا: الْأَلِفُ حَرْفُ عِلَّةٍ؛ ضَرَبَا: الْأَلِفُ ضَمِيرٌ.
٣ صَرِّفِ الْمَاضِيَ مَعَ الضَّمَائِرِ الْمُنْفَصِلَةِ وَالْمُتَّصِلَةِ.
Exercises
1. Distinguish the sound verb from the verb weak in alif, wāw, or yāʾ.
2. In the final letters of the verbs, identify the weak letter and the pronoun, following the model: in “he called,” alif is a weak letter; in “they two struck,” alif is a pronoun.
3. Conjugate the past tense with the detached and attached pronouns.
11 — The Intransitive Verb
١١ ـ الْفِعْلُ اللَّازِمُ
١ مَتَى يَكُونُ الْفِعْلُ لَازِمًا؟
يَكُونُ الْفِعْلُ لَازِمًا إِذَا تَمَّ مَعْنَاهُ بِذِكْرِ فَاعِلِهِ، نَحْوُ: قَامَ أَمِينٌ. فَرِحَتْ سَامِيَةُ.
٢ مَا هُوَ الْفَاعِلُ؟
الْفَاعِلُ اسْمٌ يَأْتِي بَعْدَ الْفِعْلِ وَيَدُلُّ عَلَى مَنْ فَعَلَهُ، نَحْوُ: قَامَ أَمِينٌ.
فَكَلِمَةُ «أَمِينٌ» جَاءَتْ بَعْدَ الْفِعْلِ وَدَلَّتْ عَلَى مَنْ قَامَ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ ضَعِ الْفَاعِلَ الْمُوَافِقَ فِي الْفَرَاغِ.
٢ عَيِّنِ الْفِعْلَ اللَّازِمَ وَفَاعِلَهُ فِي الْجُمَلِ التَّابِعَةِ.
11 — The Intransitive Verb
1. When is a verb intransitive?
A verb is intransitive when its meaning is complete upon mention of its subject, as in “Amīn stood up” and “Sāmiyya rejoiced.”
2. What is the subject?
The subject is a noun that follows the verb and indicates the one who performed it, as in “Amīn stood up.”
The word “Amīn” follows the verb and indicates who stood up.
Exercises
1. Put the appropriate subject in each blank.
2. Identify the intransitive verb and its subject in the following sentences.
12 — The Transitive Verb
١٢ ـ الْفِعْلُ الْمُتَعَدِّي
١ مَتَى يَكُونُ الْفِعْلُ مُتَعَدِّيًا؟
يَكُونُ الْفِعْلُ مُتَعَدِّيًا إِذَا لَمْ يَتِمَّ مَعْنَاهُ بِذِكْرِ فَاعِلِهِ، بَلْ يَتِمُّ بِمَفْعُولٍ بِهِ، نَحْوُ: كَتَبَ أَمِينٌ فَرْضَهُ.
فَلَا يَتِمُّ الْمَعْنَى إِلَّا إِذَا قُلْنَا: مَاذَا كَتَبَ أَمِينٌ؟ كَتَبَ فَرْضَهُ.
٢ مَا هُوَ الْمَفْعُولُ بِهِ؟
الْمَفْعُولُ بِهِ اسْمٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى مَا وَقَعَ عَلَيْهِ فِعْلُ الْفَاعِلِ، نَحْوُ: كَتَبَ أَمِينٌ فَرْضَهُ.
فَكَلِمَةُ «فَرْضَهُ» تَدُلُّ عَلَى مَا وَقَعَ عَلَيْهِ فِعْلُ أَمِينٍ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ عَيِّنِ الْفَاعِلَ وَالْمَفْعُولَ بِهِ فِي الْجُمَلِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ أَكْمِلِ الْفِعْلَ الْمُتَعَدِّيَ بِمَفْعُولٍ بِهِ مُنَاسِبٍ.
12 — The Transitive Verb
1. When is a verb transitive?
A verb is transitive when its meaning is not complete upon mention of its subject, but is completed by a direct object, as in “Amīn wrote his assignment.”
The meaning is not complete until we answer: What did Amīn write? He wrote his assignment.
2. What is the direct object?
The direct object is a noun indicating that upon which the subject’s action falls, as in “Amīn wrote his assignment.”
The word “his assignment” indicates that upon which Amīn’s action fell.
Exercises
1. Identify the subject and direct object in the following sentences.
2. Complete each transitive verb with a suitable direct object.
13 — Active and Passive Verbs
١٣ ـ الْفِعْلُ الْمَعْلُومُ وَالْفِعْلُ الْمَجْهُولُ
١ مَتَى يَكُونُ الْفِعْلُ مَعْلُومًا؟
يَكُونُ الْفِعْلُ مَعْلُومًا مَتَى عُرِفَ فَاعِلُهُ، نَحْوُ: كَتَبَتْ سَلْمَى اللَّائِحَةَ وَقَدَّمَتْهَا لِأُمِّهَا.
فَهُوَ «سَلْمَى» فِي «كَتَبَتْ»، وَهُوَ ضَمِيرٌ مَعْرُوفٌ فِي «قَدَّمَتْهَا».
٢ مَتَى يَكُونُ الْفِعْلُ مَجْهُولًا؟
يَكُونُ الْفِعْلُ مَجْهُولًا إِذَا لَمْ يُذْكَرْ فَاعِلُهُ، نَحْوُ: كُتِبَتِ اللَّائِحَةُ.
٣ مَنْ يَأْخُذُ مَكَانَ الْفَاعِلِ إِذَا كَانَ الْفِعْلُ مَجْهُولًا؟
إِذَا كَانَ الْفِعْلُ مَجْهُولًا يَأْخُذُ الْمَفْعُولُ بِهِ مَكَانَ الْفَاعِلِ وَيُسَمَّى نَائِبَ الْفَاعِلِ.
13 — Active and Passive Verbs
1. When is a verb active?
A verb is active when its subject is known, as in “Salmā wrote the note and presented it to her mother.”
The subject of “wrote” is Salmā, and the subject of “presented it” is a known pronoun.
2. When is a verb passive?
A verb is passive when its subject is not mentioned, as in “the note was written.”
3. What takes the subject’s place when the verb is passive?
The direct object takes the subject’s place and is called the deputy subject.
Formation of the Passive
٤ كَيْفَ يَصِيرُ الْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي مَجْهُولًا؟
يَصِيرُ الْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي مَجْهُولًا بِكَسْرِ مَا قَبْلَ آخِرِهِ وَضَمِّ كُلِّ حَرْفٍ مُتَحَرِّكٍ قَبْلَهُ، نَحْوُ: حَمَلَ ← حُمِلَ، اِسْتَخْرَجَ ← اُسْتُخْرِجَ.
٥ كَيْفَ يَصِيرُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ مَجْهُولًا؟
يَصِيرُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ مَجْهُولًا بِفَتْحِ مَا قَبْلَ آخِرِهِ وَضَمِّ أَوَّلِهِ، نَحْوُ: يَحْمِلُ ← يُحْمَلُ، يَسْتَخْرِجُ ← يُسْتَخْرَجُ.
| الضَّمِيرُ | الْمَاضِي الْمَجْهُولُ | الْمُضَارِعُ الْمَجْهُولُ |
|---|---|---|
| هُوَ | قُطِفَ | يُقْطَفُ |
| هُمَا | قُطِفَا | يُقْطَفَانِ |
| هُمْ | قُطِفُوا | يُقْطَفُونَ |
| هِيَ | قُطِفَتْ | تُقْطَفُ |
| هُمَا | قُطِفَتَا | تُقْطَفَانِ |
| هُنَّ | قُطِفْنَ | يُقْطَفْنَ |
4. How is the passive past formed?
The vowel before the final radical is changed to kasra, and every preceding vowelled consonant is given ḍamma, as in “he carried” → “it was carried,” and “he extracted” → “it was extracted.”
5. How is the passive present formed?
The vowel before the final radical is changed to fatḥa, and the first consonant is given ḍamma, as in “he carries” → “it is carried,” and “he extracts” → “it is extracted.”
| Pronoun | Passive past | Passive present |
|---|---|---|
| he/it | was picked | is picked |
| they two | were picked | are picked |
| they | were picked | are picked |
| she/it | was picked | is picked |
| they two (f.) | were picked | are picked |
| they (f.) | were picked | are picked |
Active and Passive — Exercises
تَمَارِينُ
١ مَيِّزِ الْمَعْلُومَ مِنَ الْمَجْهُولِ فِي الْأَفْعَالِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ حَوِّلِ الْأَفْعَالَ الْمَعْلُومَةَ إِلَى مَجْهُولَةٍ، وَالْمَجْهُولَةَ إِلَى مَعْلُومَةٍ.
٣ حَوِّلِ الْجُمَلَ الْمَعْلُومَةَ إِلَى جُمَلٍ مَجْهُولَةٍ، وَاجْعَلِ الْمَفْعُولَ بِهِ نَائِبَ فَاعِلٍ.
Exercises
1. Distinguish the active verbs from the passive verbs.
2. Change the active verbs into passive verbs and the passive verbs into active verbs.
3. Change the active sentences into passive sentences, making the direct object the deputy subject.
14 — Indeclinable and Declined Verbs
١٤ ـ الْفِعْلُ الْمَبْنِيُّ وَالْمُعْرَبُ
١ هَلْ يَتَغَيَّرُ أَحْيَانًا آخِرُ الْفِعْلِ الْمَاضِي؟
كَلَّا، إِنَّ آخِرَ الْفِعْلِ الْمَاضِي لَا يَتَغَيَّرُ أَبَدًا مَهْمَا تَقَدَّمَهُ مِنَ الْكَلِمَاتِ، بَلْ يُلَازِمُ صُورَةً وَاحِدَةً، وَلِذَلِكَ نَقُولُ إِنَّ الْمَاضِيَ مَبْنِيٌّ، نَحْوُ: فَرِحَ سَامِي، لَمَّا فَرِحَ سَامِي، إِنْ فَرِحَ سَامِي.
٢ هَلْ يَتَغَيَّرُ أَحْيَانًا آخِرُ فِعْلِ الْأَمْرِ؟
كَلَّا، إِنَّ آخِرَ فِعْلِ الْأَمْرِ لَا يَتَغَيَّرُ مَهْمَا تَقَدَّمَهُ مِنَ الْكَلِمَاتِ، وَلِذَلِكَ نَقُولُ إِنَّ الْأَمْرَ مَبْنِيٌّ، نَحْوُ: اَقْعُدْ، لَا تَقْعُدْ.
٣ هَلْ يَتَغَيَّرُ أَحْيَانًا آخِرُ الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ؟
نَعَمْ، يَتَغَيَّرُ آخِرُ الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ بِاخْتِلَافِ الْكَلِمَاتِ الَّتِي تَتَقَدَّمُهُ، وَلِذَلِكَ نَقُولُ إِنَّهُ مُعْرَبٌ، نَحْوُ: يَدْرُسُ، لَنْ يَدْرُسَ، لَمْ يَدْرُسْ.
14 — Indeclinable and Declined Verbs
1. Does the ending of the past tense ever change?
No. The ending of the past tense never changes because of words preceding it; it remains in one form. Therefore, the past tense is said to be indeclinable, as in “Sāmī rejoiced,” “when Sāmī rejoiced,” and “if Sāmī rejoiced.”
2. Does the ending of the imperative ever change?
No. Its ending does not change because of words preceding it. The imperative is therefore indeclinable, as in “sit” and “do not sit.”
3. Does the ending of the present tense ever change?
Yes. Its ending changes according to the words preceding it. It is therefore declined, as in “he studies,” “he will not study,” and “he did not study.”
The Three Moods of the Present
٤ مَا هِيَ أَنْوَاعُ إِعْرَابِ الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ؟
أَنْوَاعُ إِعْرَابِ الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ ثَلَاثَةٌ: الرَّفْعُ، وَالنَّصْبُ، وَالْجَزْمُ، نَحْوُ: يَسْمَعُ، لَنْ يَسْمَعَ، لَمْ يَسْمَعْ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ اُكْتُبْ جَدْوَلًا لِلْأَفْعَالِ الْمُضَارِعَةِ، وَجَدْوَلًا لِلْأَفْعَالِ الْمَاضِيَةِ، وَجَدْوَلًا لِأَفْعَالِ الْأَمْرِ.
٢ عَيِّنِ الْأَفْعَالَ الْمَبْنِيَّةَ وَالْمُعْرَبَةَ فِي الْعِبَارَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ.
4. What are the kinds of inflection of the present tense?
They are three: indicative, subjunctive, and jussive, as in “he hears,” “he will not hear,” and “he did not hear.”
Exercises
1. Make a table of the present-tense verbs, a table of the past-tense verbs, and a table of the imperatives.
2. Identify the indeclinable and declined verbs in the following passages.
15 — The Indicative Present
١٥ ـ الْمُضَارِعُ الْمَرْفُوعُ
١ مَتَى يُرْفَعُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ؟
يُرْفَعُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ إِذَا لَمْ يَتَقَدَّمْهُ أَحَدُ الْحُرُوفِ النَّاصِبَةِ أَوِ الْجَازِمَةِ، نَحْوُ: يَدْرُسُ وَقْتَ الدَّرْسِ.
٢ كَيْفَ يُرْفَعُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ الْمَعْلُومُ؟
يُرْفَعُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ بِالضَّمَّةِ فِي الْعُمُومِ، نَحْوُ: يَلْعَبُ الْوَلَدُ، وَأَنْتَ تَرْسُمُ، وَيَدْرُسُ وَقْتَ الدَّرْسِ.
٣ فِي أَيِّ الْأَفْعَالِ تَكُونُ عَلَامَةُ الرَّفْعِ النُّونَ؟
تَكُونُ النُّونُ عَلَامَةَ الرَّفْعِ فِي الْأَفْعَالِ الْخَمْسَةِ، وَهِيَ كُلُّ مُضَارِعٍ اتَّصَلَتْ بِهِ أَلِفُ الِاثْنَيْنِ أَوْ وَاوُ الْجَمَاعَةِ أَوْ يَاءُ الْمُخَاطَبَةِ، نَحْوُ: يَدْرُسَانِ، يَدْرُسُونَ، تَدْرُسِينَ.
15 — The Indicative Present
1. When is the present tense indicative?
It is indicative when it is not preceded by a subjunctive or jussive particle, as in “he studies at lesson time.”
2. How is the ordinary present tense made indicative?
It generally takes ḍamma, as in “the boy plays,” “you draw,” and “he studies at lesson time.”
3. In which verbs is nūn the sign of the indicative?
In the five verbs: every present-tense form joined to the dual alif, the plural wāw, or the feminine singular yāʾ, as in “they two study,” “they study,” and “you [f.] study.”
16 — The Subjunctive Present
١٦ ـ الْمُضَارِعُ الْمَنْصُوبُ
١ مَتَى يُنْصَبُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ؟
يُنْصَبُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ إِذَا تَقَدَّمَهُ أَحَدُ الْأَحْرُفِ النَّاصِبَةِ، وَهِيَ أَرْبَعَةٌ: أَنْ، لَنْ، إِذَنْ، كَيْ.
٢ كَيْفَ يُنْصَبُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ فِي الْعُمُومِ؟
يُنْصَبُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ بِالْفَتْحَةِ فِي الْعُمُومِ، نَحْوُ: أُحِبُّ أَنْ تَدْرُسَ، لَنْ أَهْجُرَكَ، إِذَنْ أُكْرِمَكَ، جِئْتُ كَيْ أَتَعَلَّمَ.
٣ كَيْفَ تُنْصَبُ الْأَفْعَالُ الْخَمْسَةُ؟
تُنْصَبُ الْأَفْعَالُ الْخَمْسَةُ بِحَذْفِ النُّونِ، نَحْوُ: لَنْ تَدْرُسُوا، أَنْ تَدْرُسِي.
| الضَّمِيرُ | الْمُضَارِعُ الْمَنْصُوبُ |
|---|---|
| هُوَ | أَنْ يَدْرُسَ |
| هُمَا | أَنْ يَدْرُسَا |
| هُمْ | أَنْ يَدْرُسُوا |
| هِيَ | أَنْ تَدْرُسَ |
| أَنْتِ | أَنْ تَدْرُسِي |
16 — The Subjunctive Present
1. When is the present tense subjunctive?
It is subjunctive when preceded by one of four subjunctive particles: an, lan, iḏan, and kai.
2. How is the present tense generally made subjunctive?
It generally takes fatḥa, as in: “I like you to study,” “I shall not abandon you,” “then I shall honour you,” and “I came in order to learn.”
3. How are the five verbs made subjunctive?
By removing the nūn, as in “you will not study” and “that you [f.] study.”
| Pronoun | Subjunctive form |
|---|---|
| he | that he study |
| they two | that they two study |
| they | that they study |
| she | that she study |
| you (f.) | that you study |
Subjunctive — Exercises
تَمَارِينُ
١ أَعْطِ الْأَفْعَالَ التَّابِعَةَ عَلَامَةَ النَّصْبِ بَدَلًا مِنْ عَلَامَةِ الرَّفْعِ.
٢ عَيِّنْ فِي الْعِبَارَاتِ الْآتِيَةِ الْفِعْلَ الْمَنْصُوبَ وَحَرْفَ النَّصْبِ.
٣ ضَعْ «أَنْ» أَوْ «لَنْ» أَوْ «إِذَنْ» أَوْ «كَيْ» فِي الْمَكَانِ الْمُنَاسِبِ.
Exercises
1. Replace the indicative ending of the following verbs with the subjunctive ending.
2. Identify the subjunctive verb and the particle governing it in the following passages.
3. Put an, lan, iḏan, or kai in the suitable place.
17 — The Jussive Present
١٧ ـ الْمُضَارِعُ الْمَجْزُومُ
١ مَتَى يُجْزَمُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ؟
يُجْزَمُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ إِذَا تَقَدَّمَهُ أَحَدُ الْأَحْرُفِ الْجَازِمَةِ، وَهِيَ: لَمْ، لَمَّا، لَامُ الْأَمْرِ، لَا النَّاهِيَةُ.
وَيُجْزَمُ أَيْضًا إِذَا كَانَ فِعْلَ شَرْطٍ أَوْ جَوَابَ شَرْطٍ، نَحْوُ: إِنْ تَدْرُسْ تَنْجَحْ، مَنْ يَعْمَلْ خَيْرًا يَجِدْهُ.
٢ كَيْفَ يُجْزَمُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ الصَّحِيحُ؟
يُجْزَمُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُضَارِعُ الصَّحِيحُ بِالسُّكُونِ، نَحْوُ: لَمْ يَدْرُسْ، لَا تُهْمِلْ.
٣ كَيْفَ تُجْزَمُ الْأَفْعَالُ الْخَمْسَةُ؟
تُجْزَمُ الْأَفْعَالُ الْخَمْسَةُ بِحَذْفِ النُّونِ، نَحْوُ: لَمْ تَدْرُسُوا، لَا تَدْرُسِي.
17 — The Jussive Present
1. When is the present tense jussive?
It is jussive when preceded by a jussive particle: lam, lammā, the imperative lām, or prohibitive lā.
It is also jussive when it is the verb of a condition or its result, as in “if you study, you will succeed” and “whoever does good will find it.”
2. How is a sound present-tense verb made jussive?
By sukūn, as in “he did not study” and “do not neglect.”
3. How are the five verbs made jussive?
By removing the nūn, as in “you did not study” and “do not study [f.].”
Jussive Conjugation and Exercises
٤ كَيْفَ يُجْزَمُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُعْتَلُّ الْآخِرُ؟
يُجْزَمُ الْفِعْلُ الْمُعْتَلُّ الْآخِرُ بِحَذْفِ حَرْفِ الْعِلَّةِ، نَحْوُ: لَمْ يَسْعَ، لَمْ يَدْعُ، لَمْ يَرْمِ.
| الضَّمِيرُ | الْمُضَارِعُ الْمَجْزُومُ |
|---|---|
| هُوَ | لَمْ يَقُمْ |
| هُمَا | لَمْ يَقُومَا |
| هُمْ | لَمْ يَقُومُوا |
| هِيَ | لَمْ تَقُمْ |
| أَنْتِ | لَمْ تَقُومِي |
تَمَارِينُ
١ اُكْتُبْ فِعْلًا مُضَارِعًا مَجْزُومًا فِي كُلِّ فَرَاغٍ.
٢ عَيِّنِ الْجَازِمَ وَالْمَجْزُومَ وَعَلَامَةَ الْجَزْمِ.
4. How is a final-weak present-tense verb made jussive?
By deleting its weak final letter, as in “he did not strive,” “he did not call,” and “he did not throw.”
| Pronoun | Jussive form |
|---|---|
| he | he did not stand |
| they two | they two did not stand |
| they | they did not stand |
| she | she did not stand |
| you (f.) | you did not stand |
Exercises
1. Write a jussive present-tense verb in each blank.
2. Identify the governing jussive particle, the jussive verb, and its sign.
18 — Masculine and Feminine
١٨ ـ الْمُذَكَّرُ وَالْمُؤَنَّثُ
١ مَا هُوَ الْمُذَكَّرُ؟
الْمُذَكَّرُ هُوَ مَا دَلَّ عَلَى الذُّكُورِ مِنَ النَّاسِ أَوِ الْحَيَوَانِ، نَحْوُ: تِلْمِيذٌ، أَسَدٌ، ثَوْرٌ.
٢ مَا هُوَ الْمُؤَنَّثُ؟
الْمُؤَنَّثُ هُوَ مَا دَلَّ عَلَى الْإِنَاثِ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَالْحَيَوَانِ، نَحْوُ: تِلْمِيذَةٌ، لَبُؤَةٌ، بَقَرَةٌ.
عَلَامَاتُ الِاسْمِ الْمُؤَنَّثِ
أَلِفُ الْمَقْصُورَةِ: سَلْمَى.
أَلِفُ الْمَمْدُودَةِ: صَحْرَاءُ.
التَّاءُ الْمَرْبُوطَةُ: مَدْرَسَةٌ.
٣ هَلْ أَسْمَاءُ الْأَشْيَاءِ مُذَكَّرَةٌ أَوْ مُؤَنَّثَةٌ؟
إِنَّ أَسْمَاءَ الْأَشْيَاءِ بَعْضُهَا مُذَكَّرٌ وَبَعْضُهَا مُؤَنَّثٌ بِاصْطِلَاحِ اللُّغَةِ.
18 — Masculine and Feminine
1. What is masculine?
A masculine noun denotes a male human or animal, such as a male pupil, lion, or bull.
2. What is feminine?
A feminine noun denotes a female human or animal, such as a female pupil, lioness, or cow.
Signs of a Feminine Noun
Final alif maqṣūra: Salmā.
Final alif mamdūda: desert.
Tāʾ marbūṭa: school.
3. Are the names of things masculine or feminine?
By the convention of the language, some names of things are masculine and some are feminine.
Masculine and Feminine — Exercises
٤ كَيْفَ تُحَوِّلُ الْأَسْمَاءَ الْمُذَكَّرَةَ إِلَى أَسْمَاءٍ مُؤَنَّثَةٍ فِي الْغَالِبِ؟
إِنَّمَا تُحَوِّلُ الْأَسْمَاءَ الْمُذَكَّرَةَ إِلَى أَسْمَاءٍ مُؤَنَّثَةٍ فِي الْغَالِبِ بِزِيَادَةِ تَاءٍ مَرْبُوطَةٍ، نَحْوُ: تِلْمِيذٌ ← تِلْمِيذَةٌ، خَادِمٌ ← خَادِمَةٌ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ اُكْتُبْ صِيغَةَ الْمُؤَنَّثِ مِنَ الْأَسْمَاءِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ عَيِّنِ الْمُذَكَّرَ وَالْمُؤَنَّثَ فِي الْكَلِمَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٣ حَوِّلِ الْجُمَلَ مِنَ الْمُذَكَّرِ إِلَى الْمُؤَنَّثِ.
4. How are masculine nouns generally changed into feminine nouns?
Usually by adding tāʾ marbūṭa, as in “male pupil” → “female pupil” and “male servant” → “female servant.”
Exercises
1. Write the feminine form of the following nouns.
2. Identify the masculine and feminine nouns in the following words.
3. Change the sentences from masculine to feminine.
19 — Singular and Dual
١٩ ـ الْمُفْرَدُ وَالْمُثَنَّى
١ مَا هُوَ الْمُفْرَدُ؟
الْمُفْرَدُ هُوَ مَا دَلَّ عَلَى شَخْصٍ وَاحِدٍ أَوْ حَيَوَانٍ وَاحِدٍ أَوْ شَيْءٍ وَاحِدٍ، نَحْوُ: كِتَابٌ، فَرَسٌ، ثَمَرَةٌ.
٢ مَا هُوَ الْمُثَنَّى؟
الْمُثَنَّى هُوَ مَا دَلَّ عَلَى اثْنَيْنِ مِنَ الْأَشْخَاصِ أَوِ الْحَيَوَانِ أَوِ الْأَشْيَاءِ، نَحْوُ: كِتَابَانِ، فَرَسَانِ، ثَمَرَتَانِ.
٣ كَيْفَ يُثَنَّى الِاسْمُ؟
يُثَنَّى الِاسْمُ بِزِيَادَةِ أَلِفٍ وَنُونٍ أَوْ يَاءٍ وَنُونٍ فِي آخِرِهِ، نَحْوُ: كِتَابَانِ، كِتَابَيْنِ.
٤ مَتَى تُحْذَفُ تَاءُ الْمَرْبُوطَةِ؟
تُفْتَحُ التَّاءُ الْمَرْبُوطَةُ عِنْدَ التَّثْنِيَةِ، نَحْوُ: ثَمَرَةٌ ← ثَمَرَتَانِ.
19 — Singular and Dual
1. What is the singular?
It denotes one person, one animal, or one thing, such as a book, a horse, or a fruit.
2. What is the dual?
It denotes two persons, animals, or things, such as two books, two horses, or two fruits.
3. How is the dual formed?
By adding alif and nūn, or yāʾ and nūn, to the end, as in kitābāni and kitābaini.
4. What happens to tāʾ marbūṭa?
It becomes open tāʾ in the dual, as in “fruit” → “two fruits.”
Singular and Dual — Exercises
٥ مَتَى تُرَدُّ الْأَلِفُ إِلَى أَصْلِهَا وَاوًا أَوْ يَاءً؟
تُرَدُّ الْأَلِفُ فِي آخِرِ الِاسْمِ الْمُثَنَّى إِلَى أَصْلِهَا وَاوًا أَوْ يَاءً، نَحْوُ: عَصًا ← عَصَوَانِ، فَتًى ← فَتَيَانِ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ اُكْتُبْ مُثَنَّى الْأَسْمَاءِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ رُدَّ الْمُثَنَّى إِلَى الْمُفْرَدِ.
٣ اضْبِطِ الْمُثَنَّى بِالْحَرَكَاتِ اللَّازِمَةِ.
5. When is final alif restored to its original wāw or yāʾ?
In forming the dual, final alif is restored to its origin, as in “staff” → “two staffs” and “young man” → “two young men.”
Exercises
1. Write the dual of the following nouns.
2. Return the dual nouns to the singular.
3. Supply the necessary vowel marks to the dual forms.
20 — Types of Plural
٢٠ ـ أَنْوَاعُ الْجَمْعِ
١ مَا هُوَ الْجَمْعُ؟
الْجَمْعُ هُوَ مَا دَلَّ عَلَى أَكْثَرَ مِنِ اثْنَيْنِ أَوِ اثْنَتَيْنِ، نَحْوُ: تِلْمِيذُونَ، تِلْمِيذَاتٌ، رِجَالٌ.
٢ مَا هُوَ جَمْعُ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمُ؟
جَمْعُ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمِ جَمْعٌ يُصَاغُ مِنَ الْمُفْرَدِ بِزِيَادَةِ وَاوٍ وَنُونٍ أَوْ يَاءٍ وَنُونٍ، نَحْوُ: مُعَلِّمُونَ، مُعَلِّمِينَ.
٣ مَتَى تُزَادُ الْوَاوُ وَالنُّونُ؟
تُزَادُ الْوَاوُ وَالنُّونُ إِذَا كَانَ آخِرُ الِاسْمِ الْمَرْفُوعِ، نَحْوُ: الْفَلَّاحُونَ يَحْرُثُونَ الْأَرْضَ.
٤ مَتَى تُزَادُ الْيَاءُ وَالنُّونُ؟
تُزَادُ الْيَاءُ وَالنُّونُ إِذَا كَانَ الِاسْمُ مَنْصُوبًا أَوْ مَجْرُورًا، نَحْوُ: رَأَيْتُ الْفَلَّاحِينَ، مَرَرْتُ بِالْفَلَّاحِينَ.
٥ مَا هُوَ جَمْعُ الْمُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمُ؟
جَمْعُ الْمُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمِ جَمْعٌ يُصَاغُ بِزِيَادَةِ أَلِفٍ وَتَاءٍ عَلَى الْمُفْرَدِ، نَحْوُ: تِلْمِيذَاتٌ.
20 — Types of Plural
1. What is the plural?
The plural denotes more than two, as in male pupils, female pupils, and men.
2. What is the sound masculine plural?
It is formed from the singular by adding wāw and nūn, or yāʾ and nūn, as in muʿallimūna and muʿallimīna.
3. When are wāw and nūn added?
When the noun is nominative, as in “the farmers till the land.”
4. When are yāʾ and nūn added?
When the noun is accusative or genitive, as in “I saw the farmers” and “I passed by the farmers.”
5. What is the sound feminine plural?
It is formed by adding alif and tāʾ to the singular, as in “female pupils.”
Types of Plural — Continued and Exercises
٦ مَا هُوَ جَمْعُ التَّكْسِيرِ؟
جَمْعُ التَّكْسِيرِ جَمْعٌ يُصَاغُ مِنَ الِاسْمِ الْمُفْرَدِ بِتَغْيِيرِ صُورَتِهِ، نَحْوُ: رَجُلٌ، رِجَالٌ؛ بَيْتٌ، بُيُوتٌ؛ وَرَقَةٌ، أَوْرَاقٌ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ اُكْتُبْ جَمْعَ كُلِّ اسْمٍ مِنَ الْأَسْمَاءِ التَّابِعَةِ وَبَيِّنْ نَوْعَهُ.
٢ رُدَّ الْجُمُوعَ التَّابِعَةَ إِلَى مُفْرَدَاتِهَا.
٣ عَيِّنْ جَمْعَ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمَ وَجَمْعَ الْمُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمَ وَجَمْعَ التَّكْسِيرِ فِي الْعِبَارَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ.
6. What is a broken plural?
A broken plural is formed by changing the form of the singular, as in man → men, house → houses, and leaf → leaves.
Exercises
1. Write the plural of each following noun and state its type.
2. Return the following plurals to their singular forms.
3. Identify the sound masculine, sound feminine, and broken plurals in the following passages.
21 — Active and Passive Participles
٢١ ـ اسْمُ الْفَاعِلِ وَاسْمُ الْمَفْعُولِ
١ مَا هُوَ اسْمُ الْفَاعِلِ؟
اسْمُ الْفَاعِلِ كَلِمَةٌ عَلَى وَزْنِ «فَاعِلٍ» تَدُلُّ عَلَى مَنْ فَعَلَ الْفِعْلَ، نَحْوُ: هَذَا الْوَلَدُ الشَّارِبُ مَاءً.
٢ مَا هُوَ اسْمُ الْمَفْعُولِ؟
اسْمُ الْمَفْعُولِ كَلِمَةٌ عَلَى وَزْنِ «مَفْعُولٍ» تَدُلُّ عَلَى مَا وَقَعَ عَلَيْهِ الْفِعْلُ، نَحْوُ: هَذَا مَاءٌ مَشْرُوبٌ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ اُصْنُعْ اسْمَ الْفَاعِلِ وَاسْمَ الْمَفْعُولِ مِنَ الْأَفْعَالِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ دُلَّ عَلَى اسْمِ الْفَاعِلِ وَاسْمِ الْمَفْعُولِ فِي الْعِبَارَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ.
21 — Active and Passive Participles
1. What is the active participle?
It is a word on the pattern fāʿil denoting the one who performs an action, as in “this boy is drinking water.”
2. What is the passive participle?
It is a word on the pattern mafʿūl denoting that upon which the action falls, as in “this is water that has been drunk.”
Exercises
1. Form the active and passive participles from the following verbs.
2. Identify the active and passive participles in the following passages.
22 — Indefinite and Definite Nouns
٢٢ ـ النَّكِرَةُ وَالْمَعْرِفَةُ
١ مَا هِيَ النَّكِرَةُ؟
النَّكِرَةُ كُلُّ اسْمٍ لَا يَدُلُّ عَلَى مُعَيَّنٍ، نَحْوُ: قَلَمٌ. فَكَلِمَةُ «قَلَمٌ» لَا تَدُلُّ عَلَى قَلَمٍ مُعَيَّنٍ.
٢ مَا هِيَ الْمَعْرِفَةُ؟
الْمَعْرِفَةُ كُلُّ اسْمٍ يَدُلُّ عَلَى شَيْءٍ مُعَيَّنٍ، نَحْوُ: الْقَلَمُ الْأَحْمَرُ.
أَنْوَاعُ الْمَعْرِفَةِ
اسْمُ الْعَلَمِ، الضَّمِيرُ، اسْمُ الْإِشَارَةِ، اسْمُ الْمَوْصُولِ، الْمُعَرَّفُ بِـ«أَلْ»، الْمُضَافُ إِلَى مَعْرِفَةٍ.
تَمْرِينٌ
عَيِّنِ النَّكِرَاتِ وَالْمَعَارِفَ فِي الْعِبَارَةِ التَّابِعَةِ.
22 — Indefinite and Definite Nouns
1. What is an indefinite noun?
It is any noun that does not denote a particular thing, as in “a pen.” The word “pen” does not denote a particular pen.
2. What is a definite noun?
It is any noun that denotes a particular thing, as in “the red pen.”
Types of Definite Noun
A proper noun, a pronoun, a demonstrative, a relative pronoun, a noun made definite by al-, and a noun annexed to a definite noun.
Exercise
Identify the indefinite and definite nouns in the following passage.
23 — Proper Nouns and Pronouns
٢٣ ـ اسْمُ الْعَلَمِ وَالضَّمِيرُ
١ مَا هُوَ اسْمُ الْعَلَمِ؟
اسْمُ الْعَلَمِ اسْمٌ يُسَمَّى بِهِ شَخْصٌ أَوْ حَيَوَانٌ أَوْ شَيْءٌ بِعَيْنِهِ، نَحْوُ: هِشَامٌ، لُبْنَانُ.
٢ مَا هُوَ الضَّمِيرُ؟
الضَّمِيرُ اسْمٌ يَقُومُ مَقَامَ الِاسْمِ الظَّاهِرِ، نَحْوُ: جَاءَ حَسَنٌ فَسَلَّمْتُ عَلَيْهِ.
٣ مَا هِيَ الضَّمَائِرُ الْمُنْفَصِلَةُ فِي حَالَةِ الرَّفْعِ؟
هُوَ، هُمَا، هُمْ، هِيَ، هُمَا، هُنَّ؛ أَنْتَ، أَنْتُمَا، أَنْتُمْ، أَنْتِ، أَنْتُنَّ؛ أَنَا، نَحْنُ.
٤ مَا هِيَ الضَّمَائِرُ الْمُنْفَصِلَةُ فِي حَالَةِ النَّصْبِ؟
إِيَّاهُ، إِيَّاهُمَا، إِيَّاهُمْ، إِيَّاهَا، إِيَّاهُنَّ؛ إِيَّاكَ، إِيَّاكُمَا، إِيَّاكُمْ، إِيَّاكِ، إِيَّاكُنَّ؛ إِيَّايَ، إِيَّانَا.
٥ مَتَى تُسْتَعْمَلُ الضَّمَائِرُ الْمُنْفَصِلَةُ فِي حَالَةِ النَّصْبِ؟
تُسْتَعْمَلُ إِذَا كَانَتْ فِي مَحَلِّ الْمَفْعُولِ بِهِ، نَحْوُ: إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ.
23 — Proper Nouns and Pronouns
1. What is a proper noun?
It is a name given to a particular person, animal, or thing, such as Hišām and Lebanon.
2. What is a pronoun?
It is a noun that takes the place of an overt noun, as in “Ḥasan came, and I greeted him.”
3. What are the detached pronouns in the nominative?
He, they two, they; she, they two, they; you, you two, you; you [f.], you [f. pl.]; I, we.
4. What are the detached pronouns in the accusative?
Him, them two, them; her, them [f.]; you, you two, you [pl.], you [f.], you [f. pl.]; me, us.
5. When are the detached accusative pronouns used?
They are used as direct objects, as in: “You [alone] do we worship.”
Attached Pronouns — Exercises
٦ مَا هِيَ الضَّمَائِرُ الْمُتَّصِلَةُ؟
هِيَ: ـهُ، ـهَا، ـهُمَا، ـهُمْ، ـهُنَّ؛ ـكَ، ـكُمَا، ـكُمْ، ـكِ، ـكُنَّ؛ ـي، ـنَا، نَحْوُ: كِتَابُهُ، رَأَيْتُهُ، سَلَّمْتُ عَلَيْهِ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ اُكْتُبْ ضَمِيرًا فِي الْمَكَانِ الْخَالِي وَعَيِّنْ نَوْعَهُ وَمَحَلَّهُ.
٢ مَيِّزِ الضَّمَائِرَ الْمُنْفَصِلَةَ مِنَ الْمُتَّصِلَةِ.
٣ اُكْتُبْ فِي كُلِّ فَرَاغٍ الضَّمِيرَ الْمُنَاسِبَ.
٤ اُذْكُرْ أَنْوَاعَ الضَّمِيرِ.
6. What are the attached pronouns?
They are the suffixes meaning his/it, her/it, their dual, their; your, your dual, your plural, your feminine; my, and our, as in “his book,” “I saw him,” and “I greeted him.”
Exercises
1. Write a pronoun in each blank and state its type and syntactic position.
2. Distinguish detached pronouns from attached pronouns.
3. Write the appropriate pronoun in each blank.
4. State the types of pronoun.
24 — The Demonstrative
٢٤ ـ اسْمُ الْإِشَارَةِ
١ مَا هُوَ اسْمُ الْإِشَارَةِ؟
اسْمُ الْإِشَارَةِ كُلُّ اسْمٍ يُشَارُ بِهِ إِلَى مُعَيَّنٍ، نَحْوُ: هَذَا كِتَابٌ، كَانَ هُنَاكَ إِصْبَعٌ.
٢ مَا هِيَ أَلْفَاظُ اسْمِ الْإِشَارَةِ؟
هَذَا، هَذِهِ، هَذَانِ، هَاتَانِ، هَؤُلَاءِ؛ ذَلِكَ، تِلْكَ، ذَانِكَ، تَانِكَ، أُولَئِكَ؛ هُنَا، هُنَاكَ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ لَائِمْ بَيْنَ اسْمِ الْإِشَارَةِ وَمَا بَعْدَهُ.
٢ ضَعْ فِي كُلِّ فَرَاغٍ اسْمَ إِشَارَةٍ مُنَاسِبًا.
24 — The Demonstrative
1. What is a demonstrative?
It is any noun by which a particular thing is pointed out, as in “this is a book” and “there was a finger there.”
2. What are the demonstratives?
This [m.], this [f.], these two [m.], these two [f.], these; that [m.], that [f.], those two [m.], those two [f.], those; here and there.
Exercises
1. Match each demonstrative with the expression following it.
2. Put a suitable demonstrative in each blank.
25 — The Relative Pronoun
٢٥ ـ اسْمُ الْمَوْصُولِ
١ مَا هُوَ اسْمُ الْمَوْصُولِ؟
اسْمُ الْمَوْصُولِ اسْمٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى مُعَيَّنٍ بِوَاسِطَةِ جُمْلَةٍ تَذْكُرُ بَعْدَهُ تُسَمَّى صِلَةً، نَحْوُ: جَاءَ الَّذِي نَجَحَ.
٢ مَا هِيَ أَلْفَاظُ اسْمِ الْمَوْصُولِ؟
الَّذِي، الَّتِي، اللَّذَانِ، اللَّتَانِ، الَّذِينَ، اللَّائِي.
تَمَارِينُ
١ ضَعِ اسْمَ الْمَوْصُولِ الْمُنَاسِبَ فِي الْفَرَاغِ.
٢ عَيِّنِ اسْمَ الْمَوْصُولِ وَصِلَتَهُ فِي الْعِبَارَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ.
25 — The Relative Pronoun
1. What is a relative pronoun?
It denotes a particular referent by means of a sentence mentioned after it, called the relative clause, as in “the one who succeeded came.”
2. What are the relative pronouns?
The one who [m.], the one who [f.], the two who [m.], the two who [f.], those who [m.], and those who [f.].
Exercises
1. Put the suitable relative pronoun in each blank.
2. Identify the relative pronoun and its relative clause in the following passages.
26 — Definite with al- and Annexed to a Definite Noun
٢٦ ـ الْمُعَرَّفُ بِـ«أَلْ» وَالْمُضَافُ إِلَى مَعْرِفَةٍ
١ مَا هُوَ الْمُعَرَّفُ بِـ«أَلْ»؟
الْمُعَرَّفُ بِـ«أَلْ» هُوَ كُلُّ اسْمٍ نَكِرَةٍ تَقَدَّمَتْهُ «أَلْ»، نَحْوُ: كِتَابٌ ← الْكِتَابُ.
٢ مَا هُوَ الْمُضَافُ إِلَى مَعْرِفَةٍ؟
الْمُضَافُ إِلَى مَعْرِفَةٍ هُوَ كُلُّ اسْمٍ نَكِرَةٍ أُضِيفَ إِلَى اسْمٍ مَعْرِفَةٍ، نَحْوُ: كِتَابُ التِّلْمِيذِ.
٣ هَلْ يَقْبَلُ الْمُضَافُ «أَلْ» أَوِ التَّنْوِينَ؟
كَلَّا، إِنَّ الْمُضَافَ لَا يَقْبَلُ أَبَدًا «أَلْ» وَلَا التَّنْوِينَ.
تَمْرِينٌ
حَوِّلِ النَّكِرَاتِ التَّابِعَةَ إِلَى مَعَارِفَ بِـ«أَلْ» أَوْ بِالْإِضَافَةِ.
26 — Nouns Made Definite by al- and by Annexation
1. What is a noun made definite by al-?
It is any indefinite noun preceded by al-, as in “a book” → “the book.”
2. What is a noun annexed to a definite noun?
It is an indefinite noun annexed to a definite noun, as in “the pupil’s book.”
3. Does the annexed noun accept al- or nunation?
No. An annexed noun takes neither al- nor nunation.
Exercise
Make the following indefinite nouns definite by al- or by annexation.
27 — Indeclinable and Declined Nouns
٢٧ ـ الِاسْمُ الْمَبْنِيُّ وَالْمُعْرَبُ
١ هَلْ تَتَغَيَّرُ حَرَكَةُ آخِرِ الِاسْمِ؟
نَعَمْ، إِنَّ حَرَكَةَ آخِرِ الِاسْمِ تَتَغَيَّرُ غَالِبًا بِحَسَبِ وَظِيفَتِهِ، نَحْوُ: جَاءَ التِّلْمِيذُ، رَأَيْتُ التِّلْمِيذَ، سَلَّمْتُ عَلَى التِّلْمِيذِ. وَيُسَمَّى الِاسْمُ حِينَئِذٍ مُعْرَبًا.
٢ مَا هِيَ الْأَسْمَاءُ الْمَبْنِيَّةُ؟
الْأَسْمَاءُ الْمَبْنِيَّةُ هِيَ الَّتِي لَا تَتَغَيَّرُ حَرَكَةُ آخِرِهَا، وَأَشْهَرُهَا الضَّمَائِرُ وَأَسْمَاءُ الْإِشَارَةِ وَالْمَوْصُولَاتُ وَأَسْمَاءُ الشَّرْطِ وَالِاسْتِفْهَامِ.
٣ مَا هِيَ أَنْوَاعُ إِعْرَابِ الِاسْمِ؟
أَنْوَاعُ إِعْرَابِ الِاسْمِ ثَلَاثَةٌ: الرَّفْعُ، وَالنَّصْبُ، وَالْجَرُّ.
27 — Indeclinable and Declined Nouns
1. Does the final vowel of a noun change?
Yes. It usually changes according to the noun’s function, as in “the pupil came,” “I saw the pupil,” and “I greeted the pupil.” Such a noun is declined.
2. Which nouns are indeclinable?
They are nouns whose endings do not change. The best-known are pronouns, demonstratives, relatives, conditionals, and interrogatives.
3. What are the cases of the noun?
They are three: nominative, accusative, and genitive.
28 — How a Noun Is Made Nominative
٢٨ ـ كَيْفَ يُرْفَعُ الِاسْمُ
١ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ رَفْعِ الِاسْمِ فِي الْعُمُومِ؟
عَلَامَةُ رَفْعِ الِاسْمِ فِي الْعُمُومِ هِيَ الضَّمَّةُ، نَحْوُ: كَتَبَ الْوَلَدُ.
٢ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ رَفْعِ الْمُثَنَّى؟
عَلَامَةُ رَفْعِ الْمُثَنَّى الْأَلِفُ وَالنُّونُ، نَحْوُ: وَصَلَ التِّلْمِيذَانِ.
٣ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ رَفْعِ جَمْعِ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمِ؟
عَلَامَةُ رَفْعِهِ الْوَاوُ وَالنُّونُ، نَحْوُ: نَجَحَ الْمُجْتَهِدُونَ.
٤ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ الرَّفْعِ فِي الْأَسْمَاءِ الْخَمْسَةِ؟
عَلَامَةُ الرَّفْعِ فِيهَا الْوَاوُ، نَحْوُ: جَاءَ أَبُو سَعِيدٍ.
28 — How a Noun Is Made Nominative
1. What is the general sign of the nominative?
The general sign is ḍamma, as in “the boy wrote.”
2. What is the nominative sign of the dual?
Alif and nūn, as in “the two pupils arrived.”
3. What is the nominative sign of the sound masculine plural?
Wāw and nūn, as in “the diligent students succeeded.”
4. What is the nominative sign of the five nouns?
Wāw, as in “Abū Saʿīd came.”
Nominative — Exercises
٥ مَتَى يَكُونُ الِاسْمُ مَرْفُوعًا؟
يَكُونُ الِاسْمُ مَرْفُوعًا إِذَا كَانَ فَاعِلًا أَوْ نَائِبَ فَاعِلٍ أَوْ مُبْتَدَأً أَوْ خَبَرًا أَوِ اسْمًا لِكَانَ وَأَخَوَاتِهَا أَوْ خَبَرًا لِإِنَّ وَأَخَوَاتِهَا.
تَمَارِينُ
١ ارْفَعِ الْأَسْمَاءَ التَّابِعَةَ بِالضَّمَّةِ أَوِ الْأَلِفِ أَوِ الْوَاوِ.
٢ ضَعْ فِي كُلِّ فَرَاغٍ اسْمًا مَرْفُوعًا مُنَاسِبًا.
٣ اُكْتُبِ الْجُمَلَ التَّابِعَةَ مَعَ ضَبْطِ الْأَسْمَاءِ الْمَرْفُوعَةِ.
5. When is a noun nominative?
It is nominative when it is a subject, a deputy subject, a topic, a predicate, the subject of kāna and its sisters, or the predicate of inna and its sisters.
Exercises
1. Put the following nouns in the nominative with ḍamma, alif, or wāw.
2. Put a suitable nominative noun in each blank.
3. Copy the following sentences, supplying the endings of the nominative nouns.
29 — Subject and Deputy Subject
٢٩ ـ الْفَاعِلُ وَنَائِبُ الْفَاعِلِ
١ مَا هُوَ الْفَاعِلُ؟
الْفَاعِلُ اسْمٌ يَقَعُ بَعْدَ الْفِعْلِ الْمَعْلُومِ وَيَدُلُّ عَلَى مَنْ فَعَلَهُ، نَحْوُ: فَتَحَ الْبَوَّابُ الْبَابَ.
٢ مَا هُوَ نَائِبُ الْفَاعِلِ؟
نَائِبُ الْفَاعِلِ اسْمٌ يَقَعُ بَعْدَ الْفِعْلِ الْمَجْهُولِ وَيَدُلُّ عَلَى مَا وَقَعَ عَلَيْهِ الْفِعْلُ، نَحْوُ: فُتِحَ الْبَابُ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ دُلَّ عَلَى الْفَاعِلِ وَنَائِبِ الْفَاعِلِ فِي الْجُمَلِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ حَوِّلِ الْجُمَلَ مِنَ الْمَعْلُومِ إِلَى الْمَجْهُولِ وَبِالْعَكْسِ.
٣ ضَعْ فِي كُلِّ فَرَاغٍ فَاعِلًا أَوْ نَائِبَ فَاعِلٍ مُنَاسِبًا.
29 — Subject and Deputy Subject
1. What is the subject?
It is a noun following an active verb and indicating the one who performed the action, as in “the doorkeeper opened the door.”
2. What is the deputy subject?
It is a noun following a passive verb and indicating that upon which the action fell, as in “the door was opened.”
Exercises
1. Identify the subject and deputy subject in the following sentences.
2. Change active sentences to passive and passive sentences to active.
3. Put a suitable subject or deputy subject in each blank.
30 — Topic and Predicate
٣٠ ـ الْمُبْتَدَأُ وَالْخَبَرُ
١ كَيْفَ تَتَرَكَّبُ الْجُمْلَةُ مِنَ اسْمَيْنِ بِدُونِ فِعْلٍ؟
تَتَرَكَّبُ الْجُمْلَةُ مِنَ اسْمَيْنِ بِدُونِ فِعْلٍ: مُبْتَدَأٍ وَخَبَرٍ، نَحْوُ: الْحَدِيقَةُ جَمِيلَةٌ، وَالسَّمَاءُ صَافِيَةٌ.
٢ هَلْ يَتَرَكَّبُ الْمُبْتَدَأُ أَحْيَانًا مِنِ اسْمٍ مُفْرَدٍ وَخَبَرٍ جُمْلَةٍ؟
نَعَمْ، إِنَّ الْجُمْلَةَ تَتَرَكَّبُ أَحْيَانًا مِنِ اسْمَيْنِ بِدُونِ فِعْلٍ فِي أَوَّلِهَا، وَيَكُونُ الْخَبَرُ جُمْلَةً، نَحْوُ: الْإِنْسَانُ عَقْلُهُ زِينَتُهُ.
٣ مَا اسْمُ الِاسْمَيْنِ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ الِاسْمِيَّةِ؟
الِاسْمُ الْأَوَّلُ مُبْتَدَأٌ وَالثَّانِي خَبَرٌ، وَكِلَاهُمَا مَرْفُوعٌ.
تَمَارِينُ
عَيِّنِ الْمُبْتَدَأَ وَالْخَبَرَ فِي الْجُمَلِ التَّابِعَةِ.
30 — Topic and Predicate
1. How is a sentence composed of two nouns without a verb?
It consists of a topic and a predicate, as in “the garden is beautiful” and “the sky is clear.”
2. Can the predicate sometimes be a sentence?
Yes. A nominal sentence may begin with a noun and have a whole sentence as its predicate, as in “man—his intellect is his adornment.”
3. What are the two nouns in the nominal sentence called?
The first is the topic and the second the predicate; both are nominative.
Exercises
Identify the topic and predicate in the following sentences.
31 — The Subject and Predicate of kāna
٣١ ـ اسْمُ كَانَ وَخَبَرُهَا
١ مَا هِيَ «كَانَ»؟
«كَانَ» فِعْلٌ يَدْخُلُ عَلَى الْمُبْتَدَأِ وَالْخَبَرِ فَيَرْفَعُ الْمُبْتَدَأَ وَيُسَمَّى اسْمَهَا، وَيَنْصِبُ الْخَبَرَ وَيُسَمَّى خَبَرَهَا، نَحْوُ: كَانَ الْجَوُّ صَافِيًا.
٢ هَلْ لِكَانَ أَخَوَاتٌ؟
نَعَمْ، لِكَانَ أَخَوَاتٌ تَعْمَلُ عَمَلَهَا، نَحْوُ: أَصْبَحَ، أَمْسَى، ظَلَّ، بَاتَ، مَا زَالَ، صَارَ، لَيْسَ، مَا دَامَ، مَا بَرِحَ، مَا انْفَكَّ، مَا فَتِئَ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ أَدْخِلْ «كَانَ» أَوْ إِحْدَى أَخَوَاتِهَا عَلَى الْجُمَلِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ عَيِّنِ اسْمَ كَانَ وَخَبَرَهَا وَاضْبِطْهُمَا.
31 — The Subject and Predicate of kāna
1. What is kāna?
It is a verb entering upon a topic and predicate. It leaves the topic nominative, calling it its subject, and makes the predicate accusative, calling it its predicate, as in “the weather was clear.”
2. Does kāna have sister verbs?
Yes. They include “became in the morning,” “became in the evening,” “remained by day,” “remained by night,” “continued,” “became,” “is not,” “as long as,” and other verbs of continuation.
Exercises
1. Enter kāna or one of its sisters upon the following sentences.
2. Identify the subject and predicate of kāna and supply their endings.
32 — The Predicate and Subject of inna
٣٢ ـ خَبَرُ إِنَّ وَاسْمُهَا
١ مَا هِيَ إِنَّ؟
«إِنَّ» حَرْفٌ يَدْخُلُ عَلَى الْمُبْتَدَأِ وَالْخَبَرِ فَيَنْصِبُ الْمُبْتَدَأَ وَيُسَمَّى اسْمَهَا، وَيَرْفَعُ الْخَبَرَ وَيُسَمَّى خَبَرَهَا، نَحْوُ: إِنَّ الْجَوَّ صَافٍ.
٢ هَلْ لِإِنَّ أَخَوَاتٌ؟
نَعَمْ، لِإِنَّ أَخَوَاتٌ وَهِيَ: أَنَّ، كَأَنَّ، لَكِنَّ، لَيْتَ، لَعَلَّ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ أَدْخِلْ «إِنَّ» أَوْ إِحْدَى أَخَوَاتِهَا عَلَى الْجُمَلِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ عَيِّنِ اسْمَ إِنَّ وَخَبَرَهَا وَاضْبِطْهُمَا.
32 — The Predicate and Subject of inna
1. What is inna?
It is a particle entering upon a topic and predicate. It makes the topic accusative, calling it its subject, and leaves the predicate nominative, calling it its predicate, as in “indeed the weather is clear.”
2. Does inna have sister particles?
Yes: anna, kaʾanna, lākinna, laita, and laʿalla.
Exercises
1. Enter inna or one of its sisters upon the following sentences.
2. Identify the subject and predicate of inna and supply their endings.
33 — How a Noun Is Made Accusative
٣٣ ـ كَيْفَ يُنْصَبُ الِاسْمُ
١ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ نَصْبِ الِاسْمِ فِي الْعُمُومِ؟
عَلَامَةُ نَصْبِ الِاسْمِ فِي الْعُمُومِ هِيَ الْفَتْحَةُ، نَحْوُ: رَأَيْتُ الْوَلَدَ.
٢ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ نَصْبِ الْمُثَنَّى؟
عَلَامَةُ نَصْبِ الْمُثَنَّى الْيَاءُ وَالنُّونُ، نَحْوُ: رَأَيْتُ التِّلْمِيذَيْنِ.
٣ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ نَصْبِ جَمْعِ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمِ؟
عَلَامَةُ نَصْبِهِ الْيَاءُ وَالنُّونُ، نَحْوُ: أَكْرَمَ الْمُعَلِّمُ الْمُجْتَهِدِينَ.
٤ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ النَّصْبِ فِي الْأَسْمَاءِ الْخَمْسَةِ؟
عَلَامَةُ النَّصْبِ فِيهَا الْأَلِفُ، نَحْوُ: رَأَيْتُ أَبَاكَ.
٥ مَتَى يَكُونُ الِاسْمُ مَنْصُوبًا؟
يَكُونُ مَنْصُوبًا إِذَا كَانَ مَفْعُولًا بِهِ أَوْ مُطْلَقًا أَوْ لِأَجْلِهِ أَوْ فِيهِ، أَوْ حَالًا أَوْ تَمْيِيزًا أَوْ مُنَادًى، أَوْ خَبَرًا لِكَانَ، أَوِ اسْمًا لِإِنَّ.
33 — How a Noun Is Made Accusative
1. What is the general sign of the accusative?
The general sign is fatḥa, as in “I saw the boy.”
2. What is the accusative sign of the dual?
Yāʾ and nūn, as in “I saw the two pupils.”
3. What is the accusative sign of the sound masculine plural?
Yāʾ and nūn, as in “the teacher honoured the diligent pupils.”
4. What is the accusative sign of the five nouns?
Alif, as in “I saw your father.”
5. When is a noun accusative?
When it is a direct object, cognate object, object of cause, adverbial object, circumstantial qualifier, specification, vocative, the predicate of kāna, or the subject of inna.
34 — Direct and Cognate Objects
٣٤ ـ الْمَفْعُولُ بِهِ وَالْمَفْعُولُ الْمُطْلَقُ
١ مَا هُوَ الْمَفْعُولُ بِهِ؟
الْمَفْعُولُ بِهِ اسْمٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى مَا وَقَعَ عَلَيْهِ فِعْلُ الْفَاعِلِ وَيُتِمُّ بِهِ مَعْنَى الْفِعْلِ، نَحْوُ: كَتَبَ أَمِينٌ فَرْضَهُ.
٢ مَا هُوَ الْمَفْعُولُ الْمُطْلَقُ؟
الْمَفْعُولُ الْمُطْلَقُ اسْمٌ يُذْكَرُ بَعْدَ الْفِعْلِ لِتَأْكِيدِهِ، وَيَكُونُ غَالِبًا مِنْ لَفْظِ ذَلِكَ الْفِعْلِ، نَحْوُ: رَكَضَ أَمِينٌ رَكْضًا، أَثَّرَ فِيهِ تَأْثِيرًا.
تَمَارِينُ
١ عَيِّنِ الْمَفْعُولَ بِهِ وَالْمَفْعُولَ الْمُطْلَقَ فِي الْجُمَلِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ ضَعْ مَفْعُولًا بِهِ أَوْ مَفْعُولًا مُطْلَقًا فِي الْفَرَاغِ.
34 — Direct and Cognate Objects
1. What is the direct object?
It is a noun denoting that upon which the subject’s action falls and completing the verb’s meaning, as in “Amīn wrote his assignment.”
2. What is the cognate object?
It is a noun mentioned after the verb to emphasize it and is usually derived from the same verb, as in “Amīn ran a run” and “it affected him greatly.”
Exercises
1. Identify the direct object and cognate object in the following sentences.
2. Put a direct object or cognate object in each blank.
35 — Object of Cause and Adverbial Object
٣٥ ـ الْمَفْعُولُ لِأَجْلِهِ وَالْمَفْعُولُ فِيهِ
١ مَا هُوَ الْمَفْعُولُ لِأَجْلِهِ؟
الْمَفْعُولُ لِأَجْلِهِ اسْمٌ يُذْكَرُ بَعْدَ الْفِعْلِ لِبَيَانِ سَبَبِهِ، نَحْوُ: أَجْتَهِدُ طَلَبًا لِلنَّجَاحِ. وَهُوَ جَوَابٌ عَنْ «لِمَاذَا؟».
٢ مَا هُوَ الْمَفْعُولُ فِيهِ؟
الْمَفْعُولُ فِيهِ اسْمٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى زَمَانِ الْفِعْلِ أَوْ مَكَانِهِ، وَيُسَمَّى أَيْضًا ظَرْفَ زَمَانٍ أَوْ ظَرْفَ مَكَانٍ، نَحْوُ: سَافَرْتُ لَيْلًا، جَلَسْتُ أَمَامَ الْبَيْتِ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ عَيِّنِ الْمَفْعُولَ لِأَجْلِهِ وَالْمَفْعُولَ فِيهِ فِي الْجُمَلِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ مَيِّزْ ظُرُوفَ الزَّمَانِ مِنْ ظُرُوفِ الْمَكَانِ.
35 — Object of Cause and Adverbial Object
1. What is the object of cause?
It is a noun mentioned after a verb to state its cause, as in “I work diligently seeking success.” It answers “why?”
2. What is the adverbial object?
It is a noun denoting the time or place of the verb. It is also called an adverb of time or place, as in “I travelled at night” and “I sat in front of the house.”
Exercises
1. Identify the object of cause and the adverbial object in the following sentences.
2. Distinguish adverbs of time from adverbs of place.
36 — Circumstantial Qualifier and Specification
٣٦ ـ الْحَالُ وَالتَّمْيِيزُ
١ مَا هِيَ الْحَالُ؟
الْحَالُ اسْمٌ يُبَيِّنُ هَيْئَةَ الْفَاعِلِ أَوِ الْمَفْعُولِ وَقْتَ وُقُوعِ الْفِعْلِ، نَحْوُ: خُلِقَ الْإِنْسَانُ ضَعِيفًا، رَجَعَ الْجُنْدُ مُنْتَصِرِينَ.
٢ مَا هُوَ التَّمْيِيزُ؟
التَّمْيِيزُ اسْمٌ يُذْكَرُ لِبَيَانِ الْمُرَادِ مِنِ اسْمٍ سَابِقٍ يَصْلُحُ لِأَنْ يُرَادَ بِهِ أَشْيَاءُ كَثِيرَةٌ، نَحْوُ: عِنْدِي عِشْرُونَ كِتَابًا، اِشْتَرَيْتُ رِطْلًا زَيْتًا.
تَمَارِينُ
١ عَيِّنِ الْحَالَ وَصَاحِبَهَا فِي الْجُمَلِ التَّابِعَةِ.
٢ عَيِّنِ التَّمْيِيزَ وَالِاسْمَ الَّذِي يُفَسِّرُهُ.
36 — Circumstantial Qualifier and Specification
1. What is the circumstantial qualifier?
It is a noun describing the state of the subject or object when the action occurs, as in “man was created weak” and “the soldiers returned victorious.”
2. What is specification?
It is a noun clarifying an earlier expression that could refer to several things, as in “I have twenty books” and “I bought a pound of oil.”
Exercises
1. Identify the circumstantial qualifier and the noun it describes.
2. Identify the specification and the expression it explains.
37 — The Vocative
٣٧ ـ الْمُنَادَى
١ مَا هُوَ الْمُنَادَى؟
الْمُنَادَى كُلُّ اسْمٍ يَقَعُ بَعْدَ «يَا» النِّدَاءِ، نَحْوُ: يَا سَلْمَى، يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ.
٢ مَتَى يَكُونُ الْمُنَادَى مَنْصُوبًا؟
يَكُونُ الْمُنَادَى مَنْصُوبًا إِذَا كَانَ مُضَافًا، نَحْوُ: يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ؛ أَوْ نَكِرَةً غَيْرَ مَقْصُودَةٍ، نَحْوُ: يَا رَجُلًا خُذْ بِيَدِي.
٣ مَتَى يَكُونُ الْمُنَادَى مَرْفُوعًا؟
يَكُونُ مَرْفُوعًا بِالضَّمَّةِ بِدُونِ تَنْوِينٍ أَوْ مَا يَقُومُ مَقَامَهَا إِذَا كَانَ اسْمَ عَلَمٍ، نَحْوُ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ؛ أَوْ نَكِرَةً مَقْصُودَةً، نَحْوُ: يَا رَجُلُ.
تَمْرِينٌ
عَيِّنِ الْمُنَادَى وَاضْبِطْ آخِرَهُ فِي الْعِبَارَاتِ التَّابِعَةِ.
37 — The Vocative
1. What is the vocative?
It is every noun following the vocative particle yā, as in “O Salmā” and “O servant of Allah.”
2. When is the vocative accusative?
When it is annexed, as in “O servant of Allah,” or when it is an unspecified indefinite noun, as in “O man, take my hand.”
3. When is the vocative nominative?
It takes ḍamma without nunation, or the corresponding sign, when it is a proper noun, as in “O Muḥammad,” or an intended indefinite noun, as in “O man.”
Exercise
Identify the vocative and supply its correct ending in the following passages.
38 — How a Noun Is Made Genitive
٣٨ ـ كَيْفَ يُجَرُّ الِاسْمُ
١ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ جَرِّ الِاسْمِ فِي الْعُمُومِ؟
عَلَامَةُ جَرِّ الِاسْمِ فِي الْعُمُومِ هِيَ الْكَسْرَةُ، نَحْوُ: سَلَّمْتُ عَلَى الْوَلَدِ.
٢ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ جَرِّ الْمُثَنَّى؟
عَلَامَةُ جَرِّ الْمُثَنَّى الْيَاءُ وَالنُّونُ، نَحْوُ: مَرَرْتُ بِالتِّلْمِيذَيْنِ.
٣ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ جَرِّ جَمْعِ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمِ؟
عَلَامَةُ جَرِّهِ الْيَاءُ وَالنُّونُ، نَحْوُ: سَلَّمْتُ عَلَى الْمُجْتَهِدِينَ.
٤ مَا هِيَ عَلَامَةُ الْجَرِّ فِي الْأَسْمَاءِ الْخَمْسَةِ؟
عَلَامَةُ الْجَرِّ فِيهَا الْيَاءُ، نَحْوُ: سَلَّمْتُ عَلَى أَبِيكَ.
٥ مَتَى يَكُونُ الِاسْمُ مَجْرُورًا؟
يَكُونُ الِاسْمُ مَجْرُورًا إِذَا تَقَدَّمَهُ حَرْفُ جَرٍّ أَوْ كَانَ مُضَافًا إِلَيْهِ.
38 — How a Noun Is Made Genitive
1. What is the general sign of the genitive?
The general sign is kasra, as in “I greeted the boy.”
2. What is the genitive sign of the dual?
Yāʾ and nūn, as in “I passed by the two pupils.”
3. What is the genitive sign of the sound masculine plural?
Yāʾ and nūn, as in “I greeted the diligent pupils.”
4. What is the genitive sign of the five nouns?
Yāʾ, as in “I greeted your father.”
5. When is a noun genitive?
When preceded by a preposition or when it is the second term of an annexation.
Prepositions and the Annexed Noun
٦ مَا هِيَ حُرُوفُ الْجَرِّ؟
حُرُوفُ الْجَرِّ حُرُوفٌ تَخْفِضُ الِاسْمَ بَعْدَهَا، نَحْوُ: خَرَجْتُ مِنَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ إِلَى الشَّارِعِ بِإِذْنِ الْأُسْتَاذِ.
٧ مَا هُوَ الْمُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ؟
الْمُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ اسْمٌ يُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ اسْمٌ سَابِقٌ لِتَعْيِينِهِ، نَحْوُ: كِتَابُ التِّلْمِيذِ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ عَيِّنِ الْأَسْمَاءَ الْمَجْرُورَةَ وَعَلَامَةَ جَرِّهَا.
٢ أَدْخِلْ حَرْفَ جَرٍّ مُنَاسِبًا عَلَى كُلِّ اسْمٍ.
٣ عَيِّنِ الْمُضَافَ وَالْمُضَافَ إِلَيْهِ.
6. What are the prepositions?
They are particles that make the noun after them genitive, as in “I left the school for the street with the teacher’s permission.”
7. What is the annexed-to noun?
It is a noun to which a preceding noun is annexed in order to specify it, as in “the pupil’s book.”
Exercises
1. Identify the genitive nouns and their signs.
2. Put a suitable preposition before each noun.
3. Identify the annexed noun and the noun annexed to it.
39 — The Adjective
٣٩ ـ النَّعْتُ وَالْمَنْعُوتُ
١ مَا هُوَ النَّعْتُ؟
النَّعْتُ اسْمٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى صِفَةٍ مَوْجُودَةٍ فِي اسْمٍ آخَرَ قَبْلَهُ يُسَمَّى الْمَنْعُوتَ، نَحْوُ: كِتَابٌ جَمِيلٌ، رَأَيْتُ كِتَابًا جَمِيلًا، قَرَأْتُ فِي كِتَابٍ جَمِيلٍ.
٢ مَا هِيَ حَرَكَةُ النَّعْتِ؟
إِنَّ حَرَكَةَ النَّعْتِ هِيَ عَيْنُ حَرَكَةِ الْمَنْعُوتِ، فَيَتْبَعُهُ فِي الرَّفْعِ وَالنَّصْبِ وَالْجَرِّ.
تَمَارِينُ
١ دُلَّ عَلَى النَّعْتِ وَالْمَنْعُوتِ وَاضْبِطْ آخِرَهُمَا.
٢ ضَعْ نَعْتًا مُنَاسِبًا بَعْدَ كُلِّ اسْمٍ.
39 — The Adjective
1. What is an adjective?
It is a noun denoting a quality present in a preceding noun, which is called the qualified noun, as in “a beautiful book,” “I saw a beautiful book,” and “I read in a beautiful book.”
2. What is the ending of the adjective?
Its ending is the same as the qualified noun’s ending. It follows it in the nominative, accusative, and genitive.
Exercises
1. Identify the adjective and qualified noun and supply their endings.
2. Put a suitable adjective after each noun.
40 — Coordination and Apposition
٤٠ ـ الْعَطْفُ وَالْبَدَلُ
١ مَا هُوَ الْعَطْفُ؟
الْعَطْفُ كَلِمَةٌ يَتْبَعُهَا بِكَلِمَةٍ قَبْلَهَا أَحَدُ حُرُوفِ الْعَطْفِ، نَحْوُ: عِنْدِي دَرَّاجَةٌ وَدَوَّامَةٌ.
٢ مَا هُوَ إِعْرَابُ الْمَعْطُوفِ؟
إِعْرَابُ الْمَعْطُوفِ مِثْلُ إِعْرَابِ مَا قَبْلَهُ، نَحْوُ: عِنْدِي دَرَّاجَةٌ وَدَوَّامَةٌ؛ رَأَيْتُ سَعِيدًا وَخَلِيلًا.
٣ مَا هُوَ الْبَدَلُ؟
الْبَدَلُ اسْمٌ يَأْتِي بَعْدَ اسْمٍ آخَرَ لِيُبَيِّنَهُ أَوْ يَحُلَّ مَحَلَّهُ، نَحْوُ: جَاءَ أَخُوكَ أَمِينٌ.
تَمْرِينٌ
عَيِّنِ الْمَعْطُوفَ وَالْمَعْطُوفَ عَلَيْهِ وَالْبَدَلَ فِي الْجُمَلِ التَّابِعَةِ.
40 — Coordination and Apposition
1. What is coordination?
It is a word connected to a preceding word by a coordinating particle, as in “I have a bicycle and a spinning top.”
2. What is the case of the coordinated word?
It has the same case as the word before it, as in “I have a bicycle and a spinning top” and “I saw Saʿīd and Ḫalīl.”
3. What is apposition?
It is a noun following another noun in order to clarify it or take its place, as in “your brother Amīn came.”
Exercise
Identify the coordinated word, the word to which it is coordinated, and the appositive in the following sentences.
41 — Emphasis
٤١ ـ التَّوْكِيدُ
١ لِمَاذَا نَسْتَعْمِلُ «نَفْسَ» وَ«عَيْنَ» وَ«كُلَّ» وَ«جَمِيعَ» بَعْدَ الِاسْمِ أَحْيَانًا؟
نَسْتَعْمِلُ «نَفْسَ» وَ«عَيْنَ» وَ«كُلَّ» وَ«جَمِيعَ» بَعْدَ الِاسْمِ أَحْيَانًا لِتَوْكِيدِهِ، نَحْوُ:
زَارَنَا الْأُسْتَاذُ نَفْسُهُ.
رَأَيْتُ الْمَدِينَةَ كُلَّهَا.
قَرَأْتُ الْكِتَابَ جَمِيعَهُ.
٢ مَا هِيَ حَرَكَةُ الْمُؤَكِّدِ؟
حَرَكَةُ الْمُؤَكِّدِ هِيَ عَيْنُ حَرَكَةِ الْمُؤَكَّدِ، نَحْوُ: وَدَّعَنَا مُعَلِّمُنَا نَفْسُهُ.
تَمْرِينٌ
اضْبِطِ الْجُمَلَ التَّابِعَةَ بِالْحَرَكَاتِ وَعَيِّنِ الْمُؤَكَّدَ وَالْمُؤَكِّدَ.
41 — Emphasis
1. Why are “self,” “very same,” “all,” and “entire” sometimes used after a noun?
They are used to emphasize it, as in:
The teacher himself visited us.
I saw the whole city.
I read the entire book.
2. What is the ending of the emphasizing word?
It has the same case ending as the emphasized word, as in “our teacher himself bade us farewell.”
Exercise
Supply the vowel endings and identify the emphasized and emphasizing words.
42 — Examples of Parsing
٤٢ ـ أَمْثِلَةٌ عَلَى الْإِعْرَابِ
فَارَقَ الرَّجُلُ أَوْطَانَهُ.
فَارَقَ: فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ صَحِيحُ الْآخِرِ مَعْلُومٌ مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى فَتْحَةٍ ظَاهِرَةٍ.
الرَّجُلُ: اسْمُ جِنْسٍ مُفْرَدٌ مُذَكَّرٌ مُعَرَّفٌ بِـ«أَلْ»، فَاعِلٌ مَرْفُوعٌ بِضَمَّةٍ ظَاهِرَةٍ.
أَوْطَانَهُ: «أَوْطَانَ» جَمْعُ تَكْسِيرٍ مُفْرَدُهُ «وَطَنٌ»، مُضَافٌ إِلَى الضَّمِيرِ، مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ مَنْصُوبٌ بِفَتْحَةٍ ظَاهِرَةٍ؛ وَالْهَاءُ ضَمِيرٌ مُتَّصِلٌ لِلْمُذَكَّرِ الْغَائِبِ فِي مَحَلِّ جَرٍّ بِالْإِضَافَةِ.
فَازَ الْمُجْتَهِدُونَ عَلَى أَخِيكَ الْجَاهِلِ.
فَازَ: فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ مُعْتَلُّ الْوَسَطِ لَازِمٌ مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى الْفَتْحِ.
الْمُجْتَهِدُونَ: جَمْعُ مُذَكَّرٍ سَالِمٌ، فَاعِلٌ مَرْفُوعٌ بِالْوَاوِ.
عَلَى: حَرْفُ جَرٍّ.
أَخِيكَ: اسْمٌ مِنَ الْأَسْمَاءِ الْخَمْسَةِ مَجْرُورٌ بِالْيَاءِ، وَهُوَ مُضَافٌ، وَالْكَافُ ضَمِيرٌ فِي مَحَلِّ جَرٍّ بِالْإِضَافَةِ.
الْجَاهِلِ: نَعْتٌ مَجْرُورٌ بِالْكَسْرَةِ.
42 — Examples of Parsing
The man left his homelands.
“Left”: a sound-final, active, indeclinable past-tense verb built on an evident fatḥa.
“The man”: a singular masculine common noun made definite by al-; the subject, nominative with an evident ḍamma.
“His homelands”: “homelands” is a broken plural whose singular is “homeland”; it is annexed to the pronoun and is the direct object, accusative with an evident fatḥa. The suffix -hu is an attached third-person masculine pronoun in the genitive by annexation.
The diligent men prevailed over your ignorant brother.
“Prevailed”: an intransitive hollow past-tense verb built on fatḥa.
“The diligent men”: a sound masculine plural, the subject, nominative with wāw.
“Over”: a preposition.
“Your brother”: one of the five nouns, genitive with yāʾ; it is annexed, and -ka is a pronoun in the genitive by annexation.
“Ignorant”: an adjective, genitive with kasra.
Part One
مَبَادِئُ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ
فِي الصَّرْفِ وَالنَّحْوِ
لِرَشِيدِ الشَّرْتُونِيِّ
١
Principles of Arabic Morphology and Syntax
By Rashīd al-Shartūnī
Volume One
Book of Morphology — 1. The Alphabetical Letters
بَابُ الصَّرْفِ
١ ـ الْحُرُوفُ الْهِجَائِيَّةُ
١ كَمْ هِيَ الْحُرُوفُ الْهِجَائِيَّةُ؟
الْحُرُوفُ الْهِجَائِيَّةُ ثَمَانِيَةٌ وَعِشْرُونَ حَرْفًا، أَوَّلُهَا الْأَلِفُ وَآخِرُهَا الْيَاءُ، وَهِيَ نَوْعَانِ: شَمْسِيَّةٌ وَقَمَرِيَّةٌ.
٢ مَا هِيَ الْحُرُوفُ الشَّمْسِيَّةُ؟
الْحُرُوفُ الشَّمْسِيَّةُ هِيَ الَّتِي تَخْتَفِي مَعَهَا لَامُ «أَلْ» فِي اللَّفْظِ وَيَكُونُ حِينَئِذٍ مَا بَعْدَهَا مُشَدَّدًا، وَعَدَدُهَا أَرْبَعَةَ عَشَرَ حَرْفًا:
ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن
فَتَقُولُ: الشَّمْسُ، وَالتُّرَابُ، وَالثَّوْرُ، وَالدَّارُ، وَمَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ، بِتَحْوِيلِ اللَّامِ لَفْظًا إِلَى حَرْفٍ يُجَانِسُ مَا بَعْدَهَا.
٣ مَا هِيَ الْحُرُوفُ الْقَمَرِيَّةُ؟
الْحُرُوفُ الْقَمَرِيَّةُ هِيَ الَّتِي تَبْقَى مَعَهَا لَامُ «أَلْ» عَلَى لَفْظِهَا، وَعَدَدُهَا أَرْبَعَةَ عَشَرَ حَرْفًا:
ا ب ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م ه و ي
فَتَقُولُ: الْقَمَرُ، وَالْجَبَلُ، وَالْكِتَابُ، وَمَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ، بِإِبْقَاءِ اللَّامِ عَلَى لَفْظِهَا.
Book of Morphology
1 — The Alphabetical Letters
1. How many alphabetical letters are there?
There are twenty-eight alphabetical letters, the first being alif and the last yāʾ. They are of two kinds: sun letters and moon letters.
2. What are the sun letters?
They are the letters before which the lām of al- disappears in pronunciation, while the following consonant is doubled. They are fourteen:
t, ṯ, d, ḏ, r, z, s, š, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ẓ, l, n.
Thus one says al-šams, al-turāb, al-ṯaur, and al-dār, and similar expressions, by assimilating the lām in pronunciation to a consonant of the same kind as the letter following it.
3. What are the moon letters?
They are the letters before which the lām of al- remains pronounced. They are fourteen:
ʾ, b, ǧ, ḥ, ḫ, ʿ, ġ, f, q, k, m, h, w, y.
Thus one says al-qamar, al-ǧabal, and al-kitāb, and similar expressions, retaining the pronunciation of the lām.